Colour Preferences for Surface Shapes on Residential Interior Walls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Contextual Framework
1.2. Research Scope and Focus
1.3. Colour–Shape Preferences in Residential Interiors
1.4. Research Purpose and Objectives
- Colour–shape semantics with six adjective pairs (see Appendix C) on bedroom walls,
- Surface colour preferences and surface shape preferences on bedroom walls, independently,
- Favourite colours and favourite shapes without interior context, independently,
- Colour–shape associations without interior context.
1.5. Hypotheses
- Positive colour–shape semantic associations follow colour–shape preference results in this study.
- For bedroom walls, circle is preferred over other shapes, and warm colours are preferred over other colours,
- Favourite colours and favourite shapes differ from surface colour preferences and surface shape preferences on bedroom walls,
- Without assigning them to interiors, in the light of the previous studies, square, circle and triangle would be associated with blue, red, and yellow, respectively. In parallel with their shapes and edges, hexagons might be related to blue/bluish colours, ovals might be associated with red/reddish colours, and rhombi might be related to yellow/yellowish colours.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Materials
2.3. Participants
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Colour–Shape Preferences
3.2. Colour–Shape Semantic Associations
3.3. Colour and Shape Preferences in Bedrooms
3.4. Favourite Colours and Shapes
3.5. Colour–Shape Associations without Interiors
3.6. Overall Results
3.7. Limitations
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Information and Consent Forms
- Participant Requirements (giving their consent based on the information and consent forms, UK citizen, over 18, not colour-blind, and wearing corrective lenses if necessary).
- Demographic Questions such as age, gender, etc.
Red | Green | Yellow | Blue | Brown | Purple | Pink | Orange | |
Active | ||||||||
Passive | ||||||||
Beautiful | ||||||||
Ugly | ||||||||
Large | ||||||||
Small | ||||||||
Bad | ||||||||
Good | ||||||||
Strong | ||||||||
Weak | ||||||||
Fast | ||||||||
Slow |
Red | Green | Yellow | Blue | Brown | Purple | Pink | Orange | |
Active | ||||||||
Passive | ||||||||
Beautiful | ||||||||
Ugly | ||||||||
Large | ||||||||
Small | ||||||||
Bad | ||||||||
Good | ||||||||
Strong | ||||||||
Weak | ||||||||
Fast | ||||||||
Slow |
Appendix B
Variable | Shape | Sig. (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Triangle | 0.050 |
Experience: beginner vs. intermediate | Oval | 0.052 |
Hexagon | 0.021 | |
Experience: beginner vs. advance | Hexagon | 0.047 |
Age: 18–24 vs. 25–34 | Circle | 0.012 |
Age: 18–24 vs. 45–54 | Square | 0.048 |
Age: 18–24 vs. 55–64 | Circle | 0.045 |
Square | 0.057 | |
Age: 25–34 vs. 35–44 | Circle | 0.055 |
Age: 45–54 vs. 55–64 | Rhombus | 0.047 |
Education: High School degree or equivalent vs. University degree | Triangle | 0.035 |
Education: High School degree or equivalent vs. Master/Ph.D. degree | Circle | 0.051 |
Square | 0.042 | |
Triangle | 0.001 | |
Education: University degree vs. Master/Ph.D. degree | Triangle | 0.023 |
Appendix C
Circle % | Oval % | Square % | Hexagon % | Triangle % | Rhombus % | Wind Rose % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Purple 16 | Purple 22 | Purple 18 | Purple 27 | Purple 20 | Purple 19 | Blue 21 |
Brown 16 | Brown 19 | Brown 18 | Brown 16 | Blue 17 | Brown 16 | Purple 14 |
Orange 15 | Blue 16 | Blue 16 | Pink 12 | Orange 12 | Red 16 | Brown 13 |
Yellow 14 | Green 10 | Green 13 | Blue 11 | Yellow 12 | Pink 15 | Pink 13 |
Blue 13 | Oran 10 | Pink 12 | Yellow 11 | Green 11 | Blue 13 | Red 13 |
Green 10 | Yellow 10 | Yellow 9 | Green 8 | Red 10 | Green 11 | Green 10 |
Pink 9 | Pink 7 | Orange 7 | Red 8 | Brown 9 | Yellow 7 | Orange 8 |
Red 7 | Red 6 | Red 7 | Orange 7 | Pink 9 | Orange 3 | Yellow 8 |
Preferred Bedroom Colour (Regardless of Its Shape) % | Preferred Bedroom Shape (Regardless of Its Colour) % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Blue | 31 | Circle | 28 |
Purple | 19 | Oval | 23 |
Green | 14 | Square | 19 |
Pink | 12 | Triangle | 13 |
Yellow | 7 | Hexagon | 11 |
Brown | 6 | Rhombus | 6 |
Orange | 6 | ||
Red | 5 |
Favourite Colour’s Name | Frequency | Favourite Shape’s Name | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Blue | 28 | Circle | 36 |
Pink | 26 | Oval | 19 |
Red | 15 | Square | 13 |
Purple | 9 | Triangle | 10 |
Green | 9 | Hexagon | 8 |
Brown | 2 | Rhombus | 4 |
Black | 2 | Pentagon | 1 |
White | 2 | Diamond | 1 |
Yellow | 2 | Heart shape | 1 |
Ultramarine blue | 1 | Star | 1 |
Orange | 1 |
Circle % | Oval % | Square % | Hexagon % | Triangle % | Rhombus % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pink | 22 | Pink | 38 | Brown | 29 | Pink | 32 | Pink | 28 | Pink | 22 |
Brown | 19 | Brown | 20 | Orange | 18 | Orange | 19 | Brown | 17 | Orange | 17 |
Orange | 18 | Orange | 13 | Pink | 18 | Brow | 14 | Orange | 15 | Yellow | 16 |
Purple | 12 | Purple | 9 | Yellow | 12 | Yellow | 10 | Green | 13 | Brown | 13 |
Yellow | 9 | Blue | 9 | Green | 9 | Green | 8 | Purple | 11 | Green | 10 |
Green | 9 | Yellow | 6 | Purple | 7 | Purple | 6 | Yellow | 10 | Purple | 10 |
Blue | 7 | Green | 3 | Red | 4 | Red | 6 | Red | 5 | Blue | 9 |
Red | 4 | Red | 2 | Blue | 3 | Blue | 5 | Blue | 1 | Red | 3 |
Square | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
R 2 | R 2 | R 5 | R 5 | G 5 | G 4 | O 5 | R 5 | G 8 | R 3 | R 2 | R 5 | |
O 9 | O 4 | G 9 | G 9 | R 7 | Y 7 | R 5 | G 7 | R 8 | Y 3 | G 6 | O 6 | |
G 11 | G 7 | O 9 | Bl 10 | O 10 | O 9 | Bl 8 | P 10 | O 9 | G 8 | O 10 | Y 6 | |
Y 11 | Y 8 | Y 10 | O 10 | Pu 14 | R 10 | G 9 | Y 11 | Y 9 | O 8 | Y 10 | G 10 | |
Bl 14 | Bl 19 | Pi 12 | Y11 | Pi 15 | Br 16 | Y 12 | O 12 | Bl 13 | Bl 12 | Br 13 | Bl 11 | |
Pu 15 | Br 19 | Bl 14 | Pi 15 | Y 15 | Bl 17 | Pi 18 | Br 15 | Br 14 | Br 17 | Pi 17 | Pi 18 | |
Pi 17 | Pu 19 | Br 15 | Pu 18 | Bl 17 | Pu 18 | Pu 19 | B 16 | Pu 19 | Pi 18 | Bl 18 | Br 21 | |
Br 21 | Pi 22 | Pu 26 | Br 22 | Br 17 | Pi 19 | Br 24 | Pu 24 | Pi 20 | Pu 31 | Pu 24 | Pu 23 | |
Triangle | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
R 3 | Y 1 | R 2 | O 5 | R 4 | G 5 | G 4 | R 4 | O 6 | R 2 | G 2 | R 4 | |
O 5 | R 2 | O 6 | R 5 | G 5 | R 7 | O 6 | G 7 | R 6 | Y 4 | R 3 | Y 5 | |
Bl 9 | G 8 | G 7 | G 8 | O 5 | Y 9 | R 6 | O 8 | G 8 | O 7 | O 7 | G 9 | |
G 11 | O 10 | Y 11 | Pi 12 | Bl 12 | O 10 | Y 9 | Y 8 | Y 10 | G 10 | Bl 10 | O 10 | |
Y 11 | Br 16 | Bl 12 | Y 12 | Y 15 | Br 13 | Bl 15 | Bl 14 | Bl 11 | Br 15 | Y 12 | Bl 14 | |
Pi 13 | Bl 20 | Pi 13 | Br 13 | Br 17 | Bl 14 | Pi 17 | Pi 15 | Pi 14 | Bl 18 | Pi 18 | Pi 14 | |
Br 24 | Pi 21 | Pu 23 | Bl 19 | Pi 20 | Pi 18 | Br 20 | Br 16 | Br 22 | Pi 18 | Br 22 | Br 21 | |
Pu 24 | Pu 22 | Br 26 | Pu 26 | Pu 22 | Pu 24 | Pu 23 | Pu 28 | Pu 23 | Pu 26 | Pu 26 | Pu 23 | |
Circle | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
O 5 | R 2 | R 2 | R 2 | Y 5 | G 3 | R 2 | G 2 | G 6 | R 2 | R 2 | R 3 | |
R 5 | G 4 | O 6 | G 7 | R 6 | R 5 | O 8 | Y 4 | O 6 | G 7 | O 7 | G 8 | |
G 6 | O 6 | G 8 | Y 7 | G 7 | P 9 | G 9 | R 5 | Y 7 | O 9 | G 9 | Y 9 | |
Y 6 | Pi 12 | Y 9 | Br 9 | O 9 | O 10 | Y 9 | O 7 | R 8 | Y 9 | Y 12 | O 10 | |
Bl 10 | Y 13 | Pu 14 | O 9 | Bl 13 | Y 11 | Bl 13 | Pi 15 | Bl 11 | Bl 14 | Bl 14 | Pi 12 | |
Pi 18 | Br 19 | Bl 19 | Bl 18 | Br 18 | Bl 12 | Pi 15 | Bl 20 | Br 18 | Br 18 | Pu 17 | Bl 16 | |
Pu 23 | Bl 20 | Pi 20 | Pi 24 | Pi 20 | Br 14 | Pu 21 | Br 22 | Pi 21 | Pu 20 | Pi 19 | Br 16 | |
Br 27 | Pu 24 | Br 22 | Pu 24 | Pu 22 | Pu 36 | Br 23 | Pu 25 | Pu 23 | Pi 21 | Br 20 | Pu 26 | |
Hexagon | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
R 4 | R 2 | R 3 | R 4 | R 3 | Y 6 | R 3 | Y 2 | Y 6 | R 3 | R 1 | R 3 | |
G 5 | Y 6 | O 7 | Y 5 | G 7 | G 7 | G 7 | R 5 | R 7 | O 9 | O 4 | G 5 | |
O 7 | G 7 | Y 7 | O 9 | O 7 | O 10 | Bl 8 | Pi 7 | G 8 | G 10 | G 8 | O 8 | |
Bl 11 | O 8 | G 8 | Bl 12 | Bl 10 | R 10 | O 8 | G 9 | O 8 | Y 10 | Y 8 | Y 8 | |
Y 12 | Br 14 | Bl 15 | G 13 | Y 12 | Pi 11 | Pi 14 | O 9 | Br 13 | Bl 13 | Bl 14 | Pi 12 | |
Pu 16 | Pi 16 | Br 17 | Br 18 | Br 16 | Bl 12 | Y 16 | Bl 16 | Pi 15 | Pi 14 | Pi 16 | Bl 13 | |
Br 21 | Bl 22 | Pu 21 | Pi 18 | Pi 21 | Br 19 | Pu 21 | Br 20 | Pu 19 | Br 20 | Pu 24 | Br 25 | |
Pi 24 | Pu 25 | Pi 22 | Pu 21 | Pu 24 | Pu 25 | Br 23 | Pu 32 | Bl 24 | Pu 21 | Br 25 | Pu 26 | |
Rhombus | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
G 4 | Y 2 | O 4 | R 2 | R 3 | G 6 | R 5 | R 3 | R 4 | R 6 | R 2 | R 3 | |
R 5 | R 4 | G 5 | Y 8 | G 5 | O 7 | O 6 | G 7 | G 7 | G 7 | Y 5 | Y 7 | |
O 8 | O 5 | R 5 | Bl 10 | O 7 | R 7 | G 7 | Y 7 | O 8 | O 8 | O 8 | O 8 | |
Bl 11 | G 6 | Y 5 | G 10 | Bl 10 | Y 8 | Y 13 | Br 11 | Y 11 | Y 10 | G 13 | G 10 | |
Y 11 | Bl 16 | Bl 9 | O 10 | Y 11 | Bl 14 | Pi 14 | O 12 | Pi 15 | Bl 13 | Pi 13 | Pi 11 | |
Pi 17 | Pi 17 | Pi 21 | Br 14 | Pi 20 | Br 18 | Bl 15 | Bl 17 | Bl 16 | Br 16 | Bl 15 | Pu 17 | |
Pu 20 | Br 23 | Br 24 | Pi 17 | Br 22 | Pi 19 | Pu 19 | Pu 18 | Pu 19 | Pu 17 | Pu 20 | Bl 19 | |
Br 24 | Pu 27 | Pu 27 | Pu 29 | Pu 22 | Pu 21 | Br 21 | Pi 25 | Br 20 | Pi 23 | Br 24 | B 25 | |
Oval | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
R 4 | R 4 | R 3 | R 3 | R 5 | R 8 | R 1 | G 6 | Y 6 | O 3 | R 2 | R 2 | |
O 7 | G 6 | Y 6 | G 7 | Bl 7 | G 9 | O 5 | R 6 | O 7 | R 4 | O 5 | G 7 | |
Bl 9 | O 8 | O 7 | O 10 | O 8 | Y 9 | G 6 | Bl 8 | R 7 | Y 8 | G 8 | O 8 | |
Y 10 | Br 10 | Bl 10 | Bl 11 | Y 12 | O 10 | Y 11 | Y 9 | G 8 | Bl 9 | Y 9 | Y 9 | |
G 11 | Y 11 | Pi 13 | Br 11 | G 13 | Br 12 | Bl 15 | O 10 | Bl 15 | G 13 | Bl 13 | Pi 14 | |
Pi 18 | Bl 15 | G 14 | Y 13 | Br 18 | Bl 13 | Pu 19 | Pi 14 | Br 16 | Pi 18 | Pi 20 | Bl 17 | |
Br 20 | Pi 18 | Br 17 | Pi 16 | Pu 18 | Pi 17 | Pi 21 | Br 17 | Pi 20 | Br 19 | Br 21 | Br 20 | |
Pu 21 | Pu 28 | Pu 30 | Pu 29 | Pi 19 | Pu 22 | Br 22 | Pu 30 | Pu 21 | Pu 26 | Pu 22 | Pu 23 | |
Wind Rose | Ugly | Beautiful | Passive | Active | Weak | Strong | Small | Large | Bad | Good | Slow | Fast |
R 5 | R 2 | R 2 | R 4 | O 4 | R 4 | R 5 | O 4 | R 7 | R 1 | R 5 | R 4 | |
Y 6 | G 6 | G 7 | Y 5 | R 7 | Y 6 | O 8 | G 6 | G 9 | G 6 | O 6 | G 7 | |
G 10 | Y 6 | Y 10 | G 7 | Y 9 | G 9 | Y 9 | R 6 | O 9 | O 8 | G 7 | Y 10 | |
O 11 | O 7 | O 12 | O 12 | G 10 | O 9 | Pi 11 | Bl 13 | Bl 11 | Y 8 | Bl 12 | Bl 11 | |
Bl 12 | Bl 15 | Pi 15 | Bl 14 | Bl 11 | Br 12 | G 12 | Y 13 | Y 11 | Bl 16 | Br 12 | Pi 12 | |
Pi 15 | Br 16 | Pu 15 | Pi 15 | Pu 13 | Bl 17 | Bl 15 | Br 17 | Pi 14 | Br 18 | Y 14 | O 17 | |
Br 20 | Pi 23 | Bl 17 | Br 21 | Br 18 | Pi 20 | Br 19 | Pu 19 | Pu 14 | Pi 20 | Pi 18 | Br 19 | |
Pu 21 | Pu 25 | Br 22 | Pu 22 | Pi 28 | Pu 23 | Pu 21 | Pi 22 | Br 25 | Pu 23 | Pu 26 | Pu 20 |
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Backgrounds | Circle | Square | Triangle | Oval | Hexagon | Rhombus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kandinsky | Bauhaus mixed background | BLUE | RED | YELLOW | |||
Jacobsen [9] | German participants | YELLOW | BLUE | RED | |||
Dumitreseu [12] | Unknown | RED | BLUE | YELLOW | ORANGE | VIOLET | |
Kharkhurin [6] | Mixed background | NA | BLUE | NA | |||
Albertazzi [4] | Italian participants | RED YELLOW | RED BLUE | YELLOW | |||
Chen et al. [7] | Japanese participants | RED | BLUE GREEN | YELLOW | YELLOW RED | BLUE GREEN | YELLOW |
Chen et al. [13] | Japanese participants | RED | BLUE | YELLOW |
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Ulusoy, B. Colour Preferences for Surface Shapes on Residential Interior Walls. Architecture 2024, 4, 854-876. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4040045
Ulusoy B. Colour Preferences for Surface Shapes on Residential Interior Walls. Architecture. 2024; 4(4):854-876. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4040045
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlusoy, Begüm. 2024. "Colour Preferences for Surface Shapes on Residential Interior Walls" Architecture 4, no. 4: 854-876. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4040045