skip to main content
Article
Free access

Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm

Published: 01 August 1987 Publication History

Abstract

We present a new algorithm, called marching cubes, that creates triangle models of constant density surfaces from 3D medical data. Using a divide-and-conquer approach to generate inter-slice connectivity, we create a case table that defines triangle topology. The algorithm processes the 3D medical data in scan-line order and calculates triangle vertices using linear interpolation. We find the gradient of the original data, normalize it, and use it as a basis for shading the models. The detail in images produced from the generated surface models is the result of maintaining the inter-slice connectivity, surface data, and gradient information present in the original 3D data. Results from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) illustrate the quality and functionality of marching cubes. We also discuss improvements that decrease processing time and add solid modeling capabilities.

References

[1]
Artzy, E., Frieder, G., and Herman, G.T. The Theory, Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Surface Detection Algorithm. Comptlter Graphics and Ima~,e Processinj, 15, 1 (January 1981), 1-24.
[2]
Barillot, C., Gibaud, B., Scarabin, J., and Coatrieux, J. 3D Reconstruction of Cerebral Blood Vessels. IEEE Comlmwr Graphk's attd Applk'ations 5, 12 (December 1985), 13-19.
[3]
Bates, R. H., Garden, K. L., and Peters, T. M. Overview of Computerized Tomography with Emphasis on Future Developments. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 356-372.
[4]
Bloch, P. and Udupa, J. K. Application of Computerized Tomography to Radiation Therapy and Surgical Planning. Proc. oi' the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 351-355.
[5]
Brewster, L. J., Trivedi, S. S., Tut, H. K., and Udupa, J. K. Interactive Surgical Planning. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 4, 3 (March 1984), 31-40.
[6]
Burk, D. L., Mears, D. C., Kennedy, W. H., Cooperstein, L. A., and Herbert, D. L. Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography of Acetabula Fractures. Radiology 155, 1 (1985), 183-186.
[7]
Chen, L., Herman, G. T., Reynolds, R. A., and Udupa, J. K. Surface Shading in the Cuberille Environment. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 5, 12 (December 1985), 33-43.
[8]
Christiansen, H. N. and Sederberg, T. W. Conversion of Complex Contour Line Definitions into Polygonal Element Meshes. Computer Graphics 12, 3 (August 1978), 187-192.
[9]
Cline, H. E., Dumoulin, C. L., Lorensen, W. E., Hart, H. R., and Ludke, S. 3D Reconstruction of the Brain from Magnetic Resonance Images. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1987, to appear).
[10]
Cline, H. E., Lorensen, W. E., Ludke, S, Crawford, C. R., and Teeter, B. C. High-Resolution Three- Dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms. Medical Physics (1987, to appear).
[11]
Cook, L. T., Dwyer, S. J., Batnitzky, S., and Lee, K. R. A Three-Dimensional Display System for Diagnostic Imaging Applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3, 5 (August 1983), 13-19.
[12]
Farrell, E. J. Color Display and Interactive Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Data. IBM J. Res. Develop 27, 4 (July 1983), 356-366.
[13]
Farrell, E. J., Zappulla, R., and Yang, W. C. Color 3D Imaging of Normal and Pathologic Intracranial Structures. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 4, 9 (September 1984), 5-17.
[14]
Fuchs, H., Kedem, Z. M., and Uselton, S. P. Optimal Surface Reconstruction from Planar Contours. Comm. o{'the ACM 20, 10 (October 1977), 693-702.
[15]
Gordon, D. and Reynolds, R. A. Image Space Shading of 3-Dimensional Objects. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 29, 3 (March 1985), 361-376.
[16]
Hale, J. D., Valk, P. E., and Watts, J. C. MR Imaging of Blood Vessels Using Three-Dimensional Reconstruction: Methodology. Radiolo,xv 157, 3 (December 1985), 727-733.
[17]
Hemmy, D. C., David, D. J., and Herman, G. T. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Craniofacial Deformity Using Computed Tomography. Neurosurgery 13, 5 (November 1983), 534-541.
[18]
Hemmy, D. C. and Tessier, P. L. CT of Dry Skulls with Craniofacial Deformities: Accuracy of Three- Dimensional Reconstruction. Radiology 157, 1 (October 1985), 113-116.
[19]
Herman, G. T. and Udupa, J. K. Display of 3D Digital Images: Computational Foundations and Medical Applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3, 5 (August 1983), 39-46.
[20]
Hinshaw, W. S. and Lent, A. H. An Introduction to NMR Imaging: From the Bloch Equation to the Imaging Equation. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 338-350.
[21]
Hoffman, E. A. and Ritman, E. L. Shape and Dimensions of Cardiac Chambers: Importance of CT Section Thickness and Orientation. Radiology 155, 3 (June 1985), 73%744.
[22]
Hohne, K. H. and Bernstein, R. Shading 3D-Images from CT Using Gray-Level Gradients. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging MI-5, 1 (March 1986), 45-47.
[23]
Keppel, E. Approximating Complex Surfaces by Triangulation of Contour Lines. IBM J. Res. Develop 19, 1 (January 1975), 2-11.
[24]
Knoll, G. F. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 320-329.
[25]
Meagher, D. J. Geometric Modeling Using Octree Encoding. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 19, 2 (June 1982), 129-147.
[26]
Robb, R. A., Hoffman, E. A., Sinak, L. J., Harris, L. D., and Ritman, E. L. High-Speed Three-Dimensional X-Ray Computed Tomography: The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 308-319.
[27]
Sunguroff, A. and Greenberg, D. Computer Generated Images for Medical Application. Computer Graphics 12, 3 (August 1978), 196-202.
[28]
Sutherland, I. E. and Hodgman, G. W. Reentrant Polygon Clipping. Comm. of the ACM 17, 1 (January 1974), 32-42.
[29]
Trivedi, S, S., Herman, G. T., and Udupa, J. K. Segmentation Into Three Classes Using Gradients. 1EEE Trans. on Medical Imaging MI-5, 2 (June 1986), 116-119.
[30]
Udupa, J. K. Interactive Segmentation and Boundary Surface Formation for 3-D Digital Images. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 18, 3 (March 1982), 213-235.
[31]
Vannier, M. W., Marsh, J. L., and Warren, J. O. Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction Images for Craniofacial Surgical Planning and Evaluation. Radiology 150, 1 (January 1984), 179-184.
[32]
Zucker, S. W. and Hummel, R. A. A Three- Dimensional Edge Operator. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-3, 3 (May 1981), 324-331.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)RobotSDF: Implicit Morphology Modeling for the Robotic ArmSensors10.3390/s2416524824:16(5248)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2024
  • (2024)Comparative Assessment of Neural Radiance Fields and Photogrammetry in Digital Heritage: Impact of Varying Image Conditions on 3D ReconstructionRemote Sensing10.3390/rs1602030116:2(301)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2024
  • (2024)Particle Detection in Free-Falling Nanoliter DropletsMicromachines10.3390/mi1506073515:6(735)Online publication date: 31-May-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
SIGGRAPH '87: Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
August 1987
352 pages
ISBN:0897912276
DOI:10.1145/37401
  • cover image ACM Overlay Books
    Seminal graphics: pioneering efforts that shaped the field, Volume 1
    July 1998
    460 pages
    ISBN:158113052X
    DOI:10.1145/280811
  • cover image ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
    ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics  Volume 21, Issue 4
    July 1987
    299 pages
    ISSN:0097-8930
    DOI:10.1145/37402
    Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 August 1987

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Badges

  • Seminal Paper

Qualifiers

  • Article

Conference

SIGGRAPH '87
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

SIGGRAPH '87 Paper Acceptance Rate 33 of 140 submissions, 24%;
Overall Acceptance Rate 1,822 of 8,601 submissions, 21%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)6,900
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)862
Reflects downloads up to 21 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)RobotSDF: Implicit Morphology Modeling for the Robotic ArmSensors10.3390/s2416524824:16(5248)Online publication date: 14-Aug-2024
  • (2024)Comparative Assessment of Neural Radiance Fields and Photogrammetry in Digital Heritage: Impact of Varying Image Conditions on 3D ReconstructionRemote Sensing10.3390/rs1602030116:2(301)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2024
  • (2024)Particle Detection in Free-Falling Nanoliter DropletsMicromachines10.3390/mi1506073515:6(735)Online publication date: 31-May-2024
  • (2024)An Improved Path-Finding Method for the Tracking of Centerlines of Tortuous Internal Carotid Arteries in MR AngiographyJournal of Imaging10.3390/jimaging1003005810:3(58)Online publication date: 28-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Impact of Deltoid Computer Tomography Image Data on the Accuracy of Machine Learning Predictions of Clinical Outcomes after Anatomic and Reverse Total Shoulder ArthroplastyJournal of Clinical Medicine10.3390/jcm1305127313:5(1273)Online publication date: 23-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Deep Learning-Based Fine-Tuning Approach of Coarse Registration for Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) Surgical Navigation SystemsBioengineering10.3390/bioengineering1109094111:9(941)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2024
  • (2024)An ethical framework for trustworthy Neural Rendering applied in cultural heritage and creative industriesFrontiers in Computer Science10.3389/fcomp.2024.14598076Online publication date: 2-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Process planning in additive manufacturing: a review of problems and methods of their solutionBulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics10.17721/1812-5409.2024/1.24(128-136)Online publication date: 2024
  • (2024)A Novel Radial Basis Function Description of a Smooth Implicit Surface for Musculoskeletal ModellingInformatica10.15388/24-INFOR571(1-30)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Adaptive grid generation for discretizing implicit complexesACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365821543:4(1-17)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Get Access

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media