skip to main content
research-article

Elon: Enabling efficient and long-term reprogramming for wireless sensor networks

Published: 10 March 2014 Publication History

Abstract

We present a new mechanism called Elon for enabling efficient and long-term reprogramming in wireless sensor networks. Elon reduces the transferred code size significantly by introducing the concept of replaceable component. It avoids the cost of hardware reboot with a novel software reboot mechanism. Moreover, it significantly prolongs the reprogrammable lifetime (i.e., the time period during which the sensor nodes can be reprogrammed) by avoiding flash writes for TelosB nodes. Experimental results show that Elon transfers up to 120--389 times less information than Deluge, and 18--42 times less information than Stream. The software reboot mechanism that Elon applies reduces the rebooting cost by 50.4%--53.87% in terms of beacon packets, and 56.83% in terms of unsynchronized nodes. In addition, Elon prolongs the reprogrammable lifetime by a factor of 3.3.

References

[1]
Atmel Corporation. AT45DB041B Datasheet.
[2]
G. Candea, S. Kawamoto, Y. Fujiki, G. Friedman, and A. Fox. 2004. Microreboot: A technique for cheap recovery. In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.
[3]
Q. Cao, T. Abdelzaher, J. Stankovic, and L. Luo. 2008. Declarative Tracepoints: A programmable and application independent debugging system for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[4]
Y. Chen, O. Gnawali, M. Kazandjieva, P. Levis, and J. Regehr. 2009. Surviving Sensor Network Software Faults. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
[5]
T. Dang, N. Bulusu, W. Chi Feng, and S. Park. 2009. DHV: A code consistency maintenance protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks.
[6]
W. Dong, C. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Bu, and K. Zheng. 2011. SenSpire OS: A predicatable, flexible, and efficient operating system for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Comput. 60, 12, 1788--1801.
[7]
A. Dunkels, N. Finne, J. Eriksson, and T. Voigt. 2006. Run-time dynamic linking for reprogramming wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[8]
A. Dunkels, B. Grönvall, and T. Voigt. 2004. Contiki: A lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors.
[9]
P. Dutta, J. Taneja, J. Jeong, X. Jiang, and D. Culler. 2008. A building block approach to sensornet systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[10]
R. Fonseca, P. Dutta, P. Levis, and I. Stoica. 2008. Quanto: Tracking energy in networked embedded systems. In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.
[11]
O. Gnawali, R. Fonseca, K. Jamieson, D. Moss, and P. Levis. 2009. Collection tree protocol. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[12]
A. Hagedorn, D. Starobinski, and A. Trachtenberg. 2008. Rateless deluge: Over-the-air programming of wireless sensor networks using random linear codes. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
[13]
C.-C. Han, R. Kumar, R. Shea, E. Kohler, and M. Srivastava. 2005. A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services.
[14]
T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. A. L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, and J. H. B. Krogh. 2004. Energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services.
[15]
J. Hill, R. Szewcyk, A. Woo, D. Culler, S. Hollar, and K. Pister. 2000. System architecture directions for networked sensors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems.
[16]
I.-H. Hou, Y.-E. Tsai, T. F. Abdelzaher, and I. Gupta. 2008. AdapCode: Adaptive network coding for code updates in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
[17]
J. Hu, C. J. Xue, and Y. He. 2009. Reprogramming with Minimal Transferred Data on Wireless Sensor Network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.
[18]
L. Huang and S. Setia. 2008. CORD: Energy-efficient reliable bulk data dissemination in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
[19]
J. W. Hui and D. Culler. 2004. The dynamic behavior of a data dissemination protocol for network programming at scale. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[20]
J. Jeong and D. Culler. 2004. Incremental network programming for wireless sensors. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks.
[21]
B. W. Kernighan and R. Pike. 1984. The Unix Programming Environment. Prentice Hall.
[22]
J. Koshy and R. Pandey. 2005a. Remote incremental linking for energy-efficient reprogramming of sensor networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks.
[23]
J. Koshy and R. Pandey. 2005b. VM*: Synthesizing scalable runtime environments for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[24]
S. S. Kulkarni and L. Wang. 2005. MNP: Multihop network reprogramming service for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.
[25]
A. Lachenmann, P. J. Marrón, D. Minder, and K. Rothermel. 2007. Meeting Lifetime Goals with Energy Levels. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[26]
J. R. Levine. 2000. Linkers and Loaders. Morgan Kaufmann.
[27]
P. Levis and D. Culler. 2002. Maté: A tiny virtual machine for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems.
[28]
P. Levis, N. Patel, D. Culler, and S. Shenker. 2004. Trickle: A self-regulating algorithm for code propagation and maintenance in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the ACM/USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.
[29]
K. Lin and P. Levis. 2008. Data discovery and dissemination with DIP. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
[30]
M. Maróti, B. Kusy, G. Simon, and Á Lédeczi. 2004. The flooding time synchronization protocol. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[31]
P. J. Marrón, M. Gauger, A. Lachenmann, D. Minder, O. Saukh, and K. Rothermel. 2006. FlexCup: A flexible and efficient code update mechanism for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks.
[32]
M. Maroti and J. Sallai. TinyOS TEP133—Packet-level time synchronization.
[33]
L. Mo, Y. He, Y. Liu, J. Zhao, S. Tang, X.-Y. Li, and G. Dai. 2009. Canopy closure estimates with GreenOrbs: Sustainable sensing in the forest. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[34]
V. Naik, A. Arora, P. Sinha, and H. Zhang. 2005. Sprinkler: A reliable and energy efficient data dissemination service for wireless embedded devices. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[35]
E. B. Nightingale, K. Veeraraghavan, P. M. Chen, and J. Flinn. 2008. Rethink the sync. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 26, 3, 1--26.
[36]
R. K. Panta and S. Bagchi. 2009. Hermes: Fast and energy efficient incremental code updates for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
[37]
R. K. Panta, I. Khalil, and S. Bagchi. 2007. Stream: Low overhead wireless reprogramming for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
[38]
J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler. 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
[39]
M. Rossi, N. Bui, G. Zanca, L. Stabellini, R. Crepaldi, and M. Zorzi. 2010. SYNAPSE++: Code dissemination in wireless networks using fountain codes. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput.
[40]
STMicroelectronics Inc. ST M25P80 datasheet.
[41]
R. Szewczyk, A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, and J. A. D. Culler. 2004. An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
[42]
Texas Instruments Inc. MSP430x1xx Family User's Guide (Rev. F).
[43]
G. Tolle and D. Culler. 2005. Design of an application-cooperative management system for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks.
[44]
N. Tsiftes, A. Dunkels, and T. Voigt. 2008. Efficient sensor network reprogramming through compression of executable modules. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks.
[45]
P. Von Richenbash and R. Wattenhofer. 2008. Decoding code on a sensor node. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems.
[46]
Q. Wang, Y. Zhu, and L. Cheng. 2006. Reprogramming wireless sensor networks: Challenges and approaches. IEEE Network Mag. 20, 3, 48--55.
[47]
G. Werner-Allen, K. Lorincz, J. Johnson, J. Lees, and M. Welsh. 2006. Fidelity and yield in a volcano monitoring sensor networks. In Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.

Cited By

View all
  • (2022)Towards a Fully Programmable Internet of Things2022 18th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)10.1109/WiMob55322.2022.9941617(204-210)Online publication date: 10-Oct-2022
  • (2020)Learning‐based stacking and caching for improving network lifetime in wireless sensor networksInternational Journal of Communication Systems10.1002/dac.4707Online publication date: 25-Dec-2020
  • (2019)Deep Learning Based Proactive Caching for Effective WSN-Enabled Vision ApplicationsComplexity10.1155/2019/54986062019Online publication date: 2-May-2019
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems  Volume 13, Issue 4
Regular Papers
November 2014
647 pages
ISSN:1539-9087
EISSN:1558-3465
DOI:10.1145/2592905
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

Publication History

Published: 10 March 2014
Accepted: 01 October 2012
Revised: 01 June 2012
Received: 01 November 2011
Published in TECS Volume 13, Issue 4

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Wireless sensor network
  2. component
  3. reboot
  4. reprogramming

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Funding Sources

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)5
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 23 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2022)Towards a Fully Programmable Internet of Things2022 18th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)10.1109/WiMob55322.2022.9941617(204-210)Online publication date: 10-Oct-2022
  • (2020)Learning‐based stacking and caching for improving network lifetime in wireless sensor networksInternational Journal of Communication Systems10.1002/dac.4707Online publication date: 25-Dec-2020
  • (2019)Deep Learning Based Proactive Caching for Effective WSN-Enabled Vision ApplicationsComplexity10.1155/2019/54986062019Online publication date: 2-May-2019
  • (2019)Secure and Smartphone-Assisted Reprogramming for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Visible Light Communication Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing10.1155/2019/34301652019Online publication date: 14-Mar-2019
  • (2019)Dandelion: An Online Testbed for LoRa Development2019 15th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN)10.1109/MSN48538.2019.00089(439-444)Online publication date: Dec-2019
  • (2019)Data Dissemination and Remote Control in Wireless Sensor NetworksMission-Oriented Sensor Networks and Systems: Art and Science10.1007/978-3-319-91146-5_13(499-531)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2019
  • (2018)RePageWireless Communications & Mobile Computing10.1155/2018/29409522018Online publication date: 14-May-2018
  • (2018)Smartphone-Assisted Over-Air Reprogramming Based on Visible Light Communication2018 14th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN)10.1109/MSN.2018.00025(109-114)Online publication date: Dec-2018
  • (2017)DC4CDACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/310592317:1(1-25)Online publication date: 6-Dec-2017
  • (2016)Developing Domain-Specific Language for Wireless Sensor Network application development2016 11th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST)10.1109/ICITST.2016.7856718(301-308)Online publication date: Dec-2016

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media