Quantum field theory is described in the following non‐Minkowskian settings: Incomplete spaces (half‐spaces, slab spaces), spaces with moving boundaries, curved spaces (black holes). The problems of defining the stress tensor, and, in particular, its vacuum expectation value in these settings are discussed. The vacuum stress tensor is computed for the Casimir effect and is used in the computation of particle production by black holes. Hawking's results are described, in which both a temperature and an entropy are assigned to every black hole.

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