Viola (gènere)

*Viola*
	; Viola reichenbachiana
Taxonomia
Superregne	Eukaryota
Regne	Plantae
Ordre	Malpighiales
Família	Violaceae
Gènere	Viola ; L., 1753
Tipus taxonòmic	Viola odorata

Les violes (Viola)^[1] són un gènere de plantes angiospermes de la família de les violàcies.

Particularitats

El gènere Viola és originari de climes temperats de l'hemisferi nord, incloent-hi Hawaii, Australàsia i els Andes. Les espècies més conegudes són les violes (també anomenades violes boscanes, violers, violetes) i els pensaments.

La majoria d'espècies de viola són plantes herbàcies perennes i de mida reduïda. Algunes són arbustives. Les fulles normalment són de forma cordiforme i les flors asimètriques de color viola groc o blanc o altres combinacions. Algunes espècies són molt oloroses (Viola odorata) i altres molt poc.

Algunes espècies europees de mida molt reduïda viuen a l'ombra, mig cobertes de vegetació i floreixen a final d'hivern i principi de primavera.

Les flors anomenades "violetes africanes" Saintpaulia no estan relacionades amb el gènere Viola.

Taxonomia

N'hi ha unes 500, sense comptar els híbrids. Els pensaments, o pensaments de jardí (Viola ×wittrockiana), són plantes híbrides.

La llista completa d'espècies segons l'ITIS és:

Viola abyssinica (Steud. ex Oliv.)
Viola acanthophylla (Leyb. ex Reiche)
Viola accrescens (Klokov)
Viola acuminata (Ledeb)
Viola adenothrix (Hayata)
Viola adriatica (Freyn)
Viola adunca (Sm.)
Viola aetnensis (Parl.)
Viola aetolica (Boissieu H. & Heldr.)
Viola affinis (Le Conte)
Viola agellae (Pollard C. L.)
Viola aizoon (Reiche)
Viola alaica (Vved.)
Viola alba (Besser)
Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker)
Viola alexejana (Kamelin & Junussov)
Viola allchariensis (Beck G.)
Viola alliariaefolia (Nakai)
Viola allochroa (Botsch.)
Viola alpina (Jacq.)
Viola altaica (Ker Gawl.)
Viola amamiana (Hatusima)
Viola ambigua (Waldst.& Kit)
Viola amurica (W. Becker)
Viola anagae (Gilli)
Viola angustifolia (Phil.)
Viola angustipulata (Chang)
Viola appalachiensis (L.K.Henry)
Viola araucaniae (W.Becker)
Viola arborescens (L.)
Viola argenteria (Moraldo i G.Forneris)
Viola argentina (W.Becker)
Viola arguta (Willd. ex Roem. i Schult.)
Viola arsenica (Beck)
Viola arvensis (Murray)
Viola asterias (Hook & Arn.)
Viola athois (W.Becker)
Viola atropurpurea (Leyb.)
Viola aurantiaca (Leyb.)
Viola aurata (Phil.)
Viola aurea (Kellogg)
Viola auricolor (Skottsb.)
Viola auricula (Leyb.)
Viola avatschensis (Becker W & Hulten A)
Viola awagatakensis (Yamazaki T.)
Viola bakeri (Greene E. L.)
Viola bambusetorum (Hand.-Mazz.)
Viola bangiana (W.Becker)
Viola bangii (Rusby)
Viola banksii (K.R.Thiele i Prober)
Viola barroetana (W.Schaffn)
Viola battandieri (W.Becker)
Viola beamani (Calderón)
Viola beckiana (Fiala)
Viola beckwithii (Torr. & Gray)
Viola bernardii (Greene)
Viola bertolonii (Pio)
Viola betonicifolia (Sm.)
Viola bezdelevae (Vorosch.)
Viola bhutanica (Hara)
Viola bicolor (Pursh)
Viola biflora (L.)
- Viola biflora ssp. biflora (Linné)
- Viola biflora ssp. carlottae (Calder i Taylor)
- Viola canina ssp. canina (Linné)
- Viola canina ssp. montana (Linné)
Viola binayensis (Okamoto & Ueda K.)
Viola bissellii (House H. D.)
Viola bissetii (Maxim)
Viola blanda (Willd.)
Viola blandaeformis (Nakai)
Viola bocquetiana (Yildirimli)
Viola boissieuana (Makino)
Viola bornmuelleri (Erben M.)
Viola brachyceras (Turcz.)
Viola brachypetala (Gay)
Viola brachyphylla (W. Becker)
Viola brevistipulata (W. Becker)
Viola bridgesii (Britton N. L.)
Viola brittoniana (Pollard C. L.)
Viola bubanii (Timb. & Lagr.)
Viola buchtienii (Gand.)
Viola bulbosa (Maxim)
Viola bustillosia (Gay)
Viola calaminaria (Lej. A)
Viola calcarata (L.)
Viola calchaquiensis W. Becker
Viola calderensis W. Becker
Viola caleyana Don D. A.
Viola californica Baker M. S.
Viola californica Greene
Viola cameleo Boissieu H.
Viola canadensis L.
Viola canescens Wallich
Viola canina L.
Viola canobarbata Leyb.
Viola capillaris Pers.
Viola castillonii (W. Becker)
Viola catalonica W. Becker
Viola caucasica Kolen.
Viola cazorlensis Gand.
Viola cenisia L.
Viola cerasifolia St.Hilaire
Viola chaerophylloides (Regel)
Viola chamaedrys Leyb.
Viola chamissoniana Gingins
Viola charlestonensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
Viola charlestownensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
Viola chassanica Korkischko R.I.
Viola cheiranthifolia Humb., Bonpl. i Kunth., violeta del Teide
Viola chelmea Boiss. i Heldr.
Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker
Viola chrysantha Phil.
Viola ciliata Schltdl.
Viola cinerea Boiss.
Viola clauseniana Baker M. S.
Viola cleistogamoides (Adams L.)
Viola cochranei Ballard H. E.
Viola collina Besser.
Viola columnaris Skottsberg
Viola commersonii De Candolle ex Gingins
Viola commutata Waisb.
Viola comollia Massara
Viola concordifolia Ching J. Wang
Viola confertifolia Chang
Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth
Viola conjugens Greene E. L.
Viola consobrina House H. D.
Viola conspersa Reichenb.
Viola contempta Jordan A
Viola cordifolia (Nuttall)
Viola cornuta L.
Viola coronifera W. Becker
Viola corralensis Phil.
Viola corsica Nyman
Viola cotyledon Gingins
Viola crassa Makino
Viola crassicalcarata Ching J. Wang
Viola crassifolia Fenzl.
Viola crassiuscula Bory
Viola cretacea Klokov
Viola cretica Boiss.& Heldr.
Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Smith i A.Fernández
Viola cucullata Aiton
Viola cuicochensis Hieron.
Viola cummingii W. Becker
Viola cuneata Watson S.
Viola cunninghamii Hook J.D.
Viola curicoensis Becker G.
Viola curvistylis Boissieu H. & Captin.
Viola cuspidifolia W. Becker
Viola cyathiformis W. Becker
Viola dacica Borbás
Viola dactyloides Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
Viola dasyphylla W. Becker
Viola davidii Franch.
Viola decipiens Reiche
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
Viola decumbens Gmel. J.F.
Viola delavayi Franch.
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss.
Viola diamantiaca Nakai
Viola dichroa Boissieu H. & Huet A.
Viola diffusa Gingins
Viola diffusoides Ching J. Wang
Viola dimorphophyllaY. S. Chen & Q. E. Yang
Viola dirimliensisBlaxland
Viola dirphya Tiniakov A.
Viola disjuncta W. Becker
Viola dissecta
Viola diversifolia (De Candolle)
Viola doerfleri Degen
Viola doii Takenouchi
Viola dolichocentra Botsch.
Viola dolichoceras Ching J. Wang
Viola dombeyana De Candolle
Viola domeikoana Gay C.
Viola domingensis Urb.
Viola donetzkiensis Klokov M.V.
Viola douglasii Steud.
Viola dubyana Burnat
Viola dukadjinica W. Becker & Kosanin
Viola dyris Maire R.
Viola eamesii House H. D.
Viola ecuadorensis W. Becker
Viola eizanensis (Makino)
Viola elatior Fries
Viola elegantula Schott.
Viola elisabethae Klokov
Viola emeiensis Ching J. Wang
Viola eminii Fries R.E.
Viola epipsila Ledeb.
Viola epipsiloides Love A. & D.
Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinc
Viola etrusca Erben M.
Viola eugeniae Parlatore
Viola evae Hieron. ex W. Becker
Viola exigua W. Becker
Viola eximia Formánek
Viola fargesii Boissieu H.
Viola faurieana W. Becker
Viola feldtschenkoana W. Becker
Viola filicaulis Hook F.
Viola filicetorum Greene E. L.
Viola fimbriatula Sm.
Viola fischeri W. Becker
Viola fissifolia Kitagawa
Viola flagelliformis Hemsley W. B.
Viola flettii Piper C. V.
Viola florairiensis Correvon
Viola flos-evae Hieron.
Viola fluehmannii Phil.
Viola formosana Hayata
Viola formosana Hayata
Viola formosana Hsieh C.F.
Viola forrestiana W. Becker
Viola fragrans Sieber
Viola frank-smithii Holmgren N. H.
Viola friderici G.
Viola frigida Phil.
Viola frondosa (Velen)
Viola fruticosa W. Becker
Viola fuscifolia W. Becker
Viola fuscoviolacea (Adams L.G.) James T.A.
Viola germaninii Sparre
Viola glabella Nuttall T.
Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl.
Viola glandularis Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
Viola glandulifera Hook
Viola glausescens Oudem.
Viola glechomoides Leyb.
Viola gmeliniana Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
Viola godoyae Phil.
Viola gracilis Sibth.& Sm.
Viola gracillima St.Hilaire A.
Viola graeca (Becker G.)
Viola grahami Bentham G.
Viola grandisepala W. Becker
Viola granulosa Wedd.
Viola grayi Franch. & Sav.
Viola greenmani House H. D.
Viola grisebachiana Boiss.
Viola grisebachiana Vis.
Viola grypoceras Gray A.
Viola guadalupensis Powell A. & Wauer B.
Viola guatemalensis W. Becker
Viola guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.
Viola hallii Gray A.
Viola hamiltoniana Don D.
Viola hancockii W. Becker
Viola hastata Michx.
Viola hederacea Labil.
Viola hediniana W. Becker
Viola heldreichiana Boiss.
Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
Viola helenae C.N.Forbes & Lydgate
Viola hemsleyana Calderón
Viola henryi Boiss.
Viola hieronymi W.Becker
Viola hillii W.Becker
Viola himalayensis W.Becker
Viola hirsutula Brainerd
Viola hirta L.
Viola hirtipes Moore S.
Viola hispida Lam.
Viola hissarica Juz.
Viola hollickii House H. D.
Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boiss.
Viola hookeri Thomson ex Hook
Viola hookeriana Kunth.
Viola hosakae H.St.John
Viola hossei W.Becker
Viola howellii Gray A.
Viola huesoensis Martic.
Viola huidobrii Gay
Viola hultenii W.Becker
Viola humilis Kunth.
Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola ibukiana Makino
Viola ignobilis Rupr.
Viola improcera L.G.Adams
Viola incisa Turcz.
Viola inconspicua Blume
Viola indica W.Becker
Viola ircutiana Turcz
Viola irinae Zolot.
Viola isaurica Contandr. i Quezel
Viola ishidoyana Nakai H.
Viola isopetala Juz.
Viola iwagawai Makino
Viola jagellonica Zapal.
Viola jalapaensis W. Becker
Viola jangiensis W. Becker
Viola japonica Langsd.ex Ging.
Viola jaubertiana Mares & Virgineix
Viola javanica W. Becker
Viola joergensenii W. Becker
Viola johnstonii W. Becker
Viola jooi Janka
Viola jordanii Henry J.K.
Viola kalbreyeri W. Becker
Viola kamibayashii Nakai H.
Viola kapsanensis Nakai H.
Viola kashmiriana W. Becker
Viola kauaensis Gray A.
Viola keiskei Janka
Viola keiskei Miq.
Viola kermesina W. Becker
Viola kiangsiensis W. Becker
Viola kitaibeliana Roem. i Schultes J. A.
Viola kitamiana Nakai
Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yldirimli
Viola kjellbergii Melchior H.
Viola koraiensis Nakai
Viola kosanensis Hayata
Viola kosaninii Hayek
Viola kunawarensis Royle
Viola kupcokiana W. Becker
Viola kupfferi Klokov
Viola kusanoana Makino
Viola kusnezowiana W. Becker
Viola labradorica Schrank
Viola lactea Sm.
Viola lactiflora Nakai
Viola lanaiensis W. Becker
Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn.
Viola lanceolata L.
Viola langeana Valentine
Viola langsdorfii (Regel)
Viola lanifera Becker G.
Viola latistipulata Hemsley W. B.
Viola lavrenkoana Klokov
Viola lehmannii W. Becker
Viola leyboldiana Phil.
Viola lianhuashanensis Ching J. Wang & Sun K.
Viola libanotica Boiss.
Viola lilloana W.Becker
Viola linifolia Poir.
Viola lithion Holmgren N. H. & Holmgren P. K.
Viola littoralis Sprengel
Viola llullaillacoensis W. Becker
Viola lobata Benth
Viola lovelliana Brainerd
Viola lucens W. Becker
Viola luciae Skottsberg
Viola lutea Hudson
Viola lyallii Hook F.
Viola macloskeyi Lloyd F. E.
Viola macroceras Bunge
Viola maculata Cav.
Viola maculata Cav. & Weibel
Viola magellanica Forster F.
Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl.
Viola magnifica Wang ex Wang X.D.
Viola maichurensis Pissjaukova
Viola makranica Omer S. & Qaiser M.
Viola malteana House H. D.
Viola mandonii W.Becker
Viola mandschurica W.Becker
Viola maroccana Maire
Viola mauritii Tepl.
Viola maviensis
Viola maximowicziana Makino
Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson
Viola mearnsii Merrill
Viola membranacea W. Becker
Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy
Viola merrilliana W. Becker
Viola meyeriana (Rupr.) Klokov
Viola micranthella Wedd.
Viola microceras Rupr.
Viola microdonta Chang
Viola minor (Makino)
Viola minuta Bieb. M.
Viola minutiflora Phil.
Viola mirabilis L.
Viola mistura House H. D.
Viola modesta Fenzl.
Viola modesta House H. D.
Viola mollicula House H. D.
Viola monbeigii W. Becker
Viola mongolica Franchet
Viola montagnei Gay C.
Viola montcaunica Pau
Viola moupinensis Franchet
Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz.
Viola muehldorfii Kiss
Viola mulfordiae Pollard C. L.
Viola muliensisen & Q.E. Yang
Viola multistolonifera Ching J. Wang
Viola munbyana Boissieu & Reuter
Viola munozensis W. Becker
Viola muscoides Phil.
Viola nagasawai Makino & Hayata
Viola nannae Fries R.E.
Viola nannei Polak
Viola nassauvioides Phil.
Viola nebrodensis Presl. C.
Viola nemausensis Jordan
Viola nemoralis
Viola nephrophylla Greene
Viola niederleinii W.Becker
Viola nivalis Phil.
Viola nobilis W.Becker
Viola notabilis Bicknell E. P.
Viola nubigena Leybold
Viola nuda W. Becker
Viola nuevo-leonensis W.Becker
Viola nummulariifolia Vill.
Viola nuttallii Pursh
Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes
Viola obliqua Aiton
Viola obliquifolia Turcz.
Viola obtusa (Makino)
Viola occulta Lehm
Viola ocellata Torrey & Gray A.
Viola odontocalycina Boissieu H.
Viola odorata L.
Viola oligoceps Chang
Viola oligyrtia No descripto
Viola orbelica Pancic
Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz.
Viola oreades Bieb. M.
Viola orientalis W. Becker
Viola orphanidis Boiss.
Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
Viola ovalleana Phil.
Viola ovato-oblonga Makino
Viola oxyodontis Ballard H. E.
Viola pachyrrhiza Boissieu H. & Hohen.
Viola pacifica Juz.
Viola painteri Rose J. N. & House H. D.
Viola pallascaensis W. Becker
Viola palmata L.
Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel)
Viola palustris L.
Viola papuana W. Becker & Pulle
Viola paradoxa Lowe
Viola paravaginata Hara H.
Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas G. & Vold G.
Viola parvula Tineo
Viola pascua W. Becker
Viola patrinii (Gingins)
Viola patrinii Gingins
Viola pedata L.
Viola pedatifida Don G.
Viola pedunculata Torr. & Gray
Viola pekinensis W. Becker
Viola pendulicarpa W. Becker
Viola pentadactyla Fenzl.
Viola perinensis W. Becker
Viola perpensa Greene E. L.
Viola persicifolia Schreber
Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim
Viola philippica Cavanilles
Viola philippii Leyb.
Viola pilosa Blume
Viola pinetorum Greene E. L.
Viola pinnata Franch. & Sav.
Viola pinnata L.
Viola placida W. Becker
Viola plantaginea Webb ex Christ
Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner
Viola pogonantha Sm. W.W.
Viola polycephala Ballard H. E. & Jorg P.
Viola polymorpha Chang
Viola polypoda Turcz.
Viola popetae Sparre
Viola populifolia Greene E. L.
Viola portalesia Gay
Viola porterana Pollard C. L.
Viola porterana oregona Greene E. L. & Clausen J. C.
Viola porterana porterana Pollard C. L.
Viola portulacea Leyb.
Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindl.
Viola primulifolia L.
Viola principis Boiss.
Viola prionantha Bunge
Viola pseudo-arcuata Chang
Viola pseudo-bambusetorum Chang
Viola pseudo-gracilis Strobl.
Viola pseudo-mirabilis Coste
Viola pseudo-monbeigii Chang
Viola pseudo-stagnina Voroschilov V.N.
Viola pseudo-vulcanica W. Becker
Viola psychodes Greene E. L.
Viola pubescens Aiton
Viola pulvinata Reiche
Viola pumila Chaix.
Viola pumilio W.Becker
Viola purpurea Kellogg
Viola purpurea intergrifolia Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C.
Viola pusillima Wedd.
Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC.
Viola raddeana Regel
Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin
Viola reichei (Skottsb.)
Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau
Viola reichii Skottsb.
Viola renifolia Gray A.
Viola replicata W.Becker
Viola reptans Robinson
Viola rheophila Okamoto
Viola rhodopeia W.Becker
Viola riviniana Reichenbach
Viola robusta Hillebr.
Viola rockiana W.Becker
Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
Viola roigii Rossow
Viola rossii Hemsl.
Viola rostrata Pursh
Viola rotundifolia Michx.
Viola rubella Cav.
Viola rupestris Schmidt
Viola saccata Melchior
Viola sacchalinensis Boissieu
Viola sacculus Skottsb.
Viola sagittata Aiton
Viola savatieri Makino
Viola saxifraga Maire
Viola scandens (Humb.& Bonpl.)
Viola schachimardanica Chalkuziev
Viola schensiensis W.Becker
Viola schneideri W.Becker
Viola schulzeana W.Becker
Viola scorpiuroides Cosson
Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
Viola sempervirens Greene
Viola sempervivum Gay
Viola senzanensis Hayata
Viola seoulensis Nakai
Viola septemloba Le Conte
Viola septentrionalis Greene
Viola serrula W. Becker
Viola sheltonii Torrey
Viola shikokiana Makino
Viola shinchikuensis Yamamoto
Viola shletonii Torrey
Viola sieberiana Spreng.
Viola sieboldi Maxim.
Viola sieheana W. Becker
Viola sikkimensis W. Becker
Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober
Viola sororia Willd.
Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roemer R & Schultes J.A.
Viola spegazzinii W. Becker
Viola sphaerocarpa W. Becker
Viola splendida
Viola stagnina Kit.
Viola steinbachii W. Becker
Viola stewardiana W. Becker
Viola stojanowii W. Becker
Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
Viola striata Aiton
Viola suavis Bieb. M.
Viola subandina J.M.
Viola subatlantica (Maire R. & Ibn Tattou M.
Viola subdimidiata St.Hilaire A.
Viola sublanceolata House H. D.
Viola subsinuata (Greene E. L.)
Viola szetschwanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
Viola taishanensis Ching J. Wang
Viola taltalensis W. Becker
Viola tanaitica Grosset
Viola tarbagataica Klokov
Viola tashiroi Makino
Viola tectiflora W. Becker
Viola tenuicornis (W. Becker)
Viola tenuissima Chang
Viola teplouchovii Juz.
Viola thomsonii Oudemans
Viola thorii Nelson A.
Viola tineorum Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
Viola tokubuchiana Makino
Viola tomentosa (Baker M. S.)
Viola tracheliifolia Gingins & Skottsb
Viola triangulifolia W. Becker
Viola trichopetala Chang
Viola tricolor (L.)
Viola triflabellata W. Becker
Viola trinervata (Howell T. J.)
Viola tripartita Elliott
Viola tsugitakaensis Masamune
Viola tuberifera Franchet
Viola tucumanensis W. Becker
Viola turkestanica Regel & Schnalh.
Viola ucriana Erben M. & Raimondo F.M.
Viola uliginosa Besser
Viola umbraticola Kunth.
Viola uniflora L.
Viola urophylla Franchet
Viola urophylla Franchet
Viola ursina Komarov
Viola utahensis Baker M. S. & Clausen J. C. ex Baker M. S.
Viola vaginata Maxim
Viola valderia All.
Viola vallicola Nelson A.
Viola variegata Fischer ex Link
Viola variegata Maxim.
Viola verecunda Gray A.
Viola verecunda Maxim.
Viola verticillata Ortega
Viola vespertina Klokov
Viola viarum Pollard C. L.
Viola villosa Walter
Viola violacea Mak.
Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook & Arn.
Viola wailenalenae (Rock J. F.)
Viola wallichiana Gingins
Viola walteri House H. D.
Viola weberbaueri W. Becker
Viola websteri Hemsley W. B. ex Forb. & Hemsl.
Viola weddellii W. Becker
Viola weibelii Macbride J.F. ex Baehni & Weibel
Viola weixiensis Ching J. Wang
Viola wiesbaurii Sabransky
Viola willkommii Roemer R.

Viola ×bernardii Greene (pro sp.)
Viola ×bissellii House
Viola ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperrider
Viola ×conjugens Greene (pro sp.)
Viola ×consobrina House
Viola ×consocia House
Viola ×cooperrideri H.E. Ballard
Viola ×cordifolia (Schwein) (pro sp.)
Viola ×davisii House
Viola ×eamesii House
Viola ×eclipes H.E. Ballard
Viola ×filicetorum Greene (pro sp.)
Viola ×hollickii House
Viola ×insolita House
Viola ×luciae Skottsberg
Viola ×malteana House
Viola ×mistura House (pro sp.)
Viola ×modesta House
Viola ×mollicula House
Viola ×mulfordiae Pollard (pro sp.)
Viola ×notabilis Bickn. (pro sp.)
Viola ×populifolia Greene (pro sp.)
Viola ×primulifolia L. (pro sp.)
Viola ×ravida House
Viola ×redacta House
Viola ×ryoniae House
Viola ×slavinii House
Viola ×wittrockiana Gams.
Viola ×wujekii H.E. Ballard
Viola yamatsutae Ishidoya
Viola yezoensis
Viola yubariana Nakai
Viola yunnanensis W. Becker & Boissieu H.
Viola yunnanfuensis W. Becker

Referències

↑ «viola ». Diccionari de la llengua catalana de l'IEC. Institut d'Estudis Catalans.

Enllaços externs

ITIS Arxivat 2004-04-21 a Wayback Machine. (Accessed December 2 2002)
The Oxford Companion to Food, by Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagne (Ed.), Clarkson Potter, 2001. ISBN 0-609-60971-8

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Viola

Viccionari

[1] «viola ». Diccionari de la llengua catalana de l'IEC. Institut d'Estudis Catalans.

[1]

Registres d'autoritat	GND (1)
Bases d'informació	GEC (1)