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Sengge Dügüreng (Tömör, d. 1586), also known as Huang Taiji,^[1] was a Mongol prince. He laid siege to a garrison near Dadong District, Liaoning from 1557-1558 over a runaway concubine. After starving the garrison and executing the concubine in April 1558, Sengge pillaged Shanxi until Ming reinforcements arrived.^[2] He invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to proselytize the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism to the Chahar Mongols.[1]

Heqin

Sengge Dügüreng was born to Altan Khan and his first wife, Ai-k'o ha-t'un (Yeke qatun).^[3]

In 1570, Altan married his 19 year old pro-Chinese granddaughter, Noyanchu Jönggen, who was also known as the "Third Lady" (Chinese: 三娘子; pinyin: Sān Niángzǐ). According to Chinese court records, this marriage helped to build the peace of 1570 between the Tumeds and the Ming Dynasty. The terms included a stop to Mongol border raids against China, becoming tributaries to the Ming court, and trade concessions from the Ming.^[3] Sengge was given the title "Vice-Commissioner-in-chief" (都督同知, Dūdū Tóngzhī) as well.^[4]

Altan Khan and the Tumed elites developed a close relationship with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. In exchange for crowning Soinam Gyaco as "Dalai Lama", Gyaco declared Altan a reincarnation of Kublai Khan.^[5] After Altan died in 1582, Sengge invited Gyaco, which he did in 1584. As a result of the trek of Gyaco and his associates from the Kumbum Monastery in the Xining area to the Chahar-inhabited areas, a monastery was founded in Hohhot and the Chahars were converted.^[6]

Sengge married Jönggen, for which China granted him the title "Obedient and Righteous King" (顺义王, Shùnyì Wáng).^[3] To strengthen the ties between Mongol princes and the Tibetan Buddhist elite, the son of Sengge's son Sümer Dayičing, or Sengge's grandson, was recognized as the 4th Dalai Lama. He remains the only Mongol to be recognized as the Dalai Lama.^[6][2]

"But was that because of genuine pro-Chinese sentiments, or was it her interest in gifts and trade? Whatever the reason, given the lady's prestige with the Chinese and her influence over at least a good part of Mongol nobility, Sengge soon came to the conclusion that he would have to marry her, in spite of their rivalry, if he wanted to amass some property and improve his position in Mongolia and induce the Chinese to give him his father's rank."

"The Chinese were in favour of the marriage in spite of the abhorrence such a union inspired... Evidently the governor-general considered the Third Lady's loyalty and influence a guarantee that Sengge once enfeoffed would continue to observe the pacts... a group of seventy-nine noblemen... presented a joint petition in favour of Sengge's enfeoffment as Shun-i-wang, Sengge himself dispatched a messenger to the border officials to point out (1) that as eldest son of the main consort that he should be appointed successor to the dignity of Shun-i-wang; (2) that his own son (and future successor) should be promoted to a higher rank; and (3) that the Great Qatun of the late Shun-i-wang should receive gifts."

[3][4][5][6][7]

[8] gb2 Jinshanliing extort 1563 1576

References

^ or as Hsin-ai
^ Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 478.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sarkozi, Alice (2006). "Levirate among the Mongols". In Boikova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, Rostislav B (eds.). Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July, 2005. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 262. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
^ Elverskog, Johan (2003). The Jewel translucent sūtra: Altan Khan and the Mongols in the sixteenth century. Brill. p. 98. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
^ Li, Gertraude Roth (2010). Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents (2nd ed.). National Foreign Language Resource Center. p. 323.
^ ^a ^b Sagaster, Klaus (2007). "The History of Buddhism among the Mongols". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.). The Spread of Buddhism. Brill. p. 399-402.

Political offices
Preceded by Altan Khan	Obedient and Righteous King of the Tümeds 1582—1586	Succeeded by 撦力克

[1] r as Hsin-ai

[2] Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1988). The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 478.

[Sarkozi-3] Sarkozi, Alice (2006). "Levirate among the Mongols". In Boikova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, Rostislav B (eds.). Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10-15 July, 2005. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 262. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)

[Elverskog-4] Elverskog, Johan (2003). The Jewel translucent sūtra: Altan Khan and the Mongols in the sixteenth century. Brill. p. 98. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)

[5] Li, Gertraude Roth (2010). Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents (2nd ed.). National Foreign Language Resource Center. p. 323.

[Sagaster-6] Sagaster, Klaus (2007). "The History of Buddhism among the Mongols". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.). The Spread of Buddhism. Brill. p. 399-402.

[1]