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Artemis I

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"EM-1" redirects here. For other uses, see EM1 (disambiguation).

Artemis 1
Artemis 1 rolling up the ramp of LC-39B
Names
  • Artemis I (official)
  • Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) (former)
Mission typeUncrewed lunar orbital test flight
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.54257Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.nasa.gov/artemis-1
Mission duration39 days (planned)[1]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion MPCV
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch date3 September 2022, 18:17 UTC (planned)[2]
RocketSpace Launch System, Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
End of mission
Recovered byUSS Portland (planned)[4]
Landing dateTBD
Landing sitePacific Ocean off San Diego[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
RegimeDistant retrograde orbit
Period14 days
Orion spacecraft orbiter

Artemis 1 mission patch

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I[5] and formerly known as Exploration Mission-1,[6] is a planned uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission and the first spaceflight in NASA's Artemis program. It is also the first flight of the agency's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the complete Orion spacecraft.[a][7]

Artemis 1 will last for six weeks and will test all the rocket stages and spacecraft that would be used in later Artemis missions. After reaching orbit and performing a trans-lunar injection (burn to the Moon), the mission will deploy ten CubeSat satellites[8] and the Orion spacecraft will enter a distant retrograde orbit for six days. The Orion spacecraft will then return and reenter the Earth's atmosphere, protected by its heat shield, and splash down in the Pacific Ocean.

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on 20 October 2021, marking the first time a super-heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) since the final Saturn V with Skylab.[9] On 17 August 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch, after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing.[10] The first launch attempt was made on 29 August 2022, but was cancelled due to an issue with the core stage. The next launch window opens at 18:17 UTC (14:17 EDT) on 3 September 2022.[2] After the Artemis 1 mission, Artemis 2 will perform a crewed lunar flyby and Artemis 3 will perform a crewed lunar landing, five decades after the last Apollo mission.[11]

Overview

Summary of the Artemis I mission

Artemis 1 will be launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and an upper stage. The core stage uses four RS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown on Space Shuttle missions. The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff.[12] The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.

Once in orbit, the ICPS will fire its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which will place the Orion spacecraft and ten CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion will then separate from the ICPS and coast to lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter will deploy ten CubeSats that will conduct scientific research and perform technology demonstrations.[13]

In earlier plans, the mission was planned to follow a circumlunar trajectory without entering orbit around the Moon.[14][15] However, current plans have the Orion spacecraft spend approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon.[16]

Mission timeline

Animation of Artemis I
Around the Earth
Frame rotating with Moon
  Earth ·    Artemis I ·   Moon
Mission elapsed time[1] Event Location
0 hours 00 minutes 00 seconds Liftoff Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B
0 hours 02 minutes 12 seconds Solid rocket booster separation
0 hours 03 minutes 24 seconds Service module panels jettisoned
0 hours 03 minutes 30 seconds Launch abort tower jettisoned
0 hours 08 minutes 04 seconds Core stage main engine cutoff
0 hours 08 minutes 16 seconds Core stage and ICPS separation
0 hours 18 minutes 20 seconds Begin Orion solar array deployment
0 hours 30 minutes 20 seconds End Orion solar array deployment
0 hours 53 minutes 46 seconds Begin Perigee raise maneuver
0 hours 54 minutes 08 seconds End perigee raise maneuver
1 hour 33 minutes 21 seconds Begin Trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn
1 hour 51 minutes 21 seconds End TLI burn
2 hours 01 minutes 26 seconds Orion/ICPS separation
2 hours 02 minutes 48 seconds Upper-stage separation burn
3 hours 25 minutes 26 seconds ICPS disposal burn
7 hours 51 minutes 21 seconds First trajectory correction burn
Days 2–5 Outbound coasting phase
Day 6 Lunar gravity assist 97 km (60 mi) from the Lunar surface
Days 6–9 Transit to Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO)
Days 10-26 In DRO
Day 27 DRO departure burn
Days 27-32 Exiting DRO
Day 33 Return powered flyby
Days 33-39 Return transit
Day 39 Entry and splashdown Pacific Ocean

Launch windows

An article on potential Artemis 1 launch windows from 23 August to 6 September was published by Spaceflight Now in June 2022.[17] This was later narrowed down to between 29 August and 6 September.[18]

Date Time Duration
29 August 8:33 am EDT (12:33 UTC) 120 minutes
2 September 12:48 pm EDT (16:48 UTC) 120 minutes
3 September 2:17 pm EDT (18:17 UTC) 120 minutes
4 September 3:44 pm EDT (19:44 UTC) 120 minutes
5 September 5:12 pm EDT (21:12 UTC) 90 minutes
6 September 6:57 pm EDT (22:57 UTC) 24 minutes

History

The Artemis program is not the first reincarnation of American crewed lunar exploration after the Apollo program. In 1989, at the twentieth anniversary of Apollo 11's lunar landing, then-president George H. W. Bush announced the failed Space Exploration Initiative which aimed to launch astronauts back to the Moon and Mars.[19] Fifteen years later, in 2005, George W. Bush established the Constellation program,[20] aiming to return humans to the Moon by 2020.[21] However, like its predecessor, the program was cancelled by then-president Barack Obama in February 2010, citing cost and timeline overruns.[22] The Constellation program is considered to be Artemis program's spiritual predecessor, because its Orion spacecraft was kept in development after the program's demise, and would eventually become a part of the Artemis program.[20][23]

Early illustration of the SLS launch, December 2011

In the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 passed in September,[24] Congress mandated that a new Shuttle-derived vehicle must be built that leverages existing contracts. This launch vehicle would be known as the Space Launch System, abbreviated as SLS.[20] The act mandated that the crewed launch of SLS must happen before 31 December 2016 (which was slipped).[25]

Around September 2011, SLS's first launch was delayed from before the end of 2016 to sometime in 2017, the first of at least fifteen more delays.[26] A year later in 2012, the SLS's first and second launches were named Exploration Mission 1 and 2, abbreviated as EM-1 and EM-2.[27][28] In January 2013, Orion spacecraft's service module was announced to be built by the European Space Agency and was named the European Service Module.[29] Even though the European Space Agency encountered many technical challenges in constructing the module, the agency by January 2014 still affirmed that the module would be ready by the end of 2017.[30]

The SLS passes its Key Decision Point C (entering full-scale development) in August 2014[31] and the welding machine at the Michoud Assembly Facility for the SLS's core stage was opened a month later, though a tower misalignment was found soon afterwards.[32] Both of these factors contributed to the delay of the first launch timeline to no later than November 2018.[31] In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage using the welding machine finally began.[33] In December 2014, the first flight test of the Orion spacecraft took place under the Exploration Flight Test-1 on a Delta IV Heavy rocket, in which its reentry was successful.[34] Two Qualification Motor 1 and 2, similar to SLS's solid rocket boosters, were successfully test-fired in March 2015 and June 2016.[35][36]

In February 2017, NASA investigated a crewed launch at the first SLS flight.[37] It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.[38] However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal because of the high cost and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.[39] In July 2017, Artemis 1's Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage is the first part of the SLS that was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center.[40] About four months later, in November, the earliest launch date of the Exploration Mission 1 was expected to be in December 2019, with a high probability of launch in mid-2020, three years since the original mandated launch date.[41] On 11 December 2017, then-President Donald Trump signed the Space Policy Directive 1, effectively formalizing the lunar human exploration program.[42]

Originally, the SLS version used on the first, second and third missions will use the SLS's Exploration Upper Stage, however, due to the stage's extreme delays, in April 2018 NASA decided to switch from Block 1B to the less powerful Block 1 SLS for these three missions. The Exploration Upper Stage will be used instead from the SLS's fourth mission onwards.[43] In the NASA Office of Inspector General October 2018 report, it was discovered that Boeing will need $8.9 billion to complete the Exploration Mission 1's core stage, twice the maximum allowance by NASA. The report also mentioned Boeing's poor performance and overoptimistic budget projections, and NASA's poor management of contractors. By this time, the first launch had been delayed to June 2020.[44]

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.[45][46] The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.[47] The idea was eventually scrapped.[48] By April 2019, $17 billion has been spent on the SLS, far more than originally expected. This is partly possible due to the manufacturing companies and NASA used cost-plus contracts, allowing the companies to ask for more money even if it is caused by delays and overspending.[49][50] The Moon program was officially named Artemis in May 2019, because the Artemis goddess is the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology.[51] Later in the year in November, NASA gave the first-ever cost estimate of an SLS launch at $2 billion, excluding development cost. For context, a fully expendable Falcon Heavy launch with two-third of SLS's launch capacity would cost only $150 million.[52][b]

Preparation

Core stage tests

First static fire attempt of the core stage performed on 16 January 2021

The core stage for Artemis 1, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019[53] and was declared finished one month later.[54] The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:[55]

  1. Modal testing (vibration tests)
  2. Avionics (electronic systems)
  3. Fail-safe systems
  4. Propulsion (without firing of the engines)
  5. Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
  6. Launch countdown simulation
  7. Wet dress rehearsal, with propellant
  8. Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,[55][56] with subsequent Green Run tests running smoothly. On 16 January 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engine shut down only a minute into the static fire,[57] with no sign of damage to the engine. This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.[58] The last test was performed again successfully on 18 March 2021.[59] The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on 24 April 2021, on route to the Kennedy Space Center.[60]

Rocket assembly

SLS with the Orion capsule in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022

The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.[40] Three years later, all of the SLS's solid rocket booster segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on 12 June 2020,[61] and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on 29 July 2020.[62] The assembly of the SLS took place at the Vehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments on 23 November 2020.[63] Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on 7 January 2021,[64] and the boosters' stacking was completed by 2 March 2021.[65]

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on 27 April 2021 after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on 29 April 2021.[66] The stage was then stacked with its boosters on 12 June 2021. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on 22 June 2021. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on 6 July 2021. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on 8 October 2021.[67]

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on 16 January 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).[68][69] On 20 October 2021, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis 1 vehicle in High Bay-3.[70] During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.[71][72]

Payloads

AstroRad vest on the International Space Station

The Orion spacecraft will carry three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.[73] The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the Apollo Program),[74] will occupy the commander’s seat inside Orion and is equipped with two radiation sensors in his Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. His seat also has sensors to record data on acceleration and vibration data during the mission.[75]

Alongside Moonikin are two phantom torsos: Helga and Zohar, who will take part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency, will measure the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar will be shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga will not wear a vest. The phantoms will measure the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active dosimeters distributed at sensitive and high stem cell-concentration tissues.[76] The test is to provide data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.[77] In addition to the three mannequins, Orion wil carry NASA's Snoopy[78] and ESA's Shaun the Sheep.[79]

Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed

Ten low-cost CubeSat missions will fly as secondary payloads, mounted at Orion's stage adapter.[80] Each are in the a six-unit configuration[81] and reside within the Stage Adapter, above the second stage. Ten CubeSats were ultimately installed on the Stage Adapter by October 2021. Two were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.[11] These CubeSats are:[80]

  • ArgoMoon, designed by Argotec and coordinated by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) for mission data and historical records. It will demonstrate technologies necessary for a small spacecraft to maneuver and operate near the ICPS.[82]
  • BioSentinel is an astrobiology mission that will use yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on living organisms over long durations beyond low Earth orbit.[83]
  • CubeSat for Solar Particles (CuSP), designed at the Southwest Research Institute, will study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields that stream from the Sun[84] and act as a proof of concept for the feasibility of a network of stations to track space weather.
  • EQUULEUS, designed by Japan's JAXA and the University of Tokyo, will image Earth's plasmasphere to study the radiation environment around the Earth while demonstrating low thrust maneuvers for trajectory control in the space between Earth and the Moon.[82]
  • Lunar IceCube, a lunar orbiter designed at Morehead State University, will search for additional evidence of lunar water ice from a low lunar orbit.
  • Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper (LunaH-Map), a lunar orbiter designed at Arizona State University,[85] will map hydrogen within craters near the lunar south pole, tracking depth and distribution of hydrogen-rich compounds like water. It will use a neutron detector to measure the energies of neutrons that interact with the material on the lunar surface. Its mission is planned to last sixty days and perform 141 orbits of the Moon.[86]
  • Near-Earth Asteroid Scout is proof-of-concept of a controllable CubeSat solar sail spacecraft capable of encountering near-Earth asteroids (NEA).[87] The spacecraft will achieve observations through a close (≈10 km, 6.2 mi) flyby and using a high-resolution science-grade monochromatic camera to measure the physical properties of a near-Earth asteroid.[87] A variety of potential targets would be identified based upon launch date, time of flight, and rendezvous velocity.
  • OMOTENASHI, designed by JAXA, is a lander probe to study the lunar radiation environment.[82][88]
  • LunIR is a spacecraft designed by Lockheed Martin to fly by the Moon and collect surface spectroscopy and thermography.
  • Team Miles will demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit and show low-thrust trajectory control techniques by employing a hybrid ion thruster. It was designed by Fluid and Reason, LLC, Tampa, Florida.

The remaining three slots are empty, as the following three satellites were not ready in time for the Artemis 1 mission:[89]

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis 1 will also carry commemorative stickers, patches, seeds and flags from contractors and space agencies around the world.[92]

Launch rehearsals

First rollout of SLS in March 2022; it was then rolled back in for repairs

On 17 March 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time in order to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on 3 April, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.[93] A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on 4 April, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.[94]

During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fuelling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.[95][96] The third attempt to finish the test was limited to only fueling the SLS core stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.[97][98]

NASA elected to roll the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS check valve, while at the same time upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis 1 was rolled back to the VAB on 26 April.[99][100][101] After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis 1 vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on 6 June to complete the test.[102]

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on 20 June, the rocket was successfully fully loaded with propellant on both stages, but due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connnection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.[103]

On 2 July, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect, ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: 29 August and 5 September.[104][105] The SLS passed flight readiness review on 23 August, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.[106]

Launch attempt

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on 29 August 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am. Prior to the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines did not exhibit the expected hydrogen bleed, and engineers were not able to resolve it in time.[107] Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.[107][108] NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour launch window expired.[109] A press release stated that the "bleed test to get the RS-25 engines on the bottom of the core stage to the proper temperature range for liftoff was not successful".[110]

The next available launch window will be on 3 September 2022, opening at 2:17 pm EDT, or 18:17 UTC.[2]

Outreach and mission patch

Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission

The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the centre, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 will launch. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1.[111]

The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,[112][113] though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.[114] To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted will be written into a hard drive and placed inside the Orion spacecraft.[115][116] Also aboard the capsule will be a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[117]

Notes

  1. ^ An Orion capsule was flown in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
  2. ^ See more about SLS's funding at Space Launch System § Funding.

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