Solar eclipse of October 30, 1845

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Solar eclipse of October 30, 1845
Map
Type of eclipse
Nature	Hybrid
Gamma	−0.8538
Magnitude	1.0005
Maximum eclipse
Duration	2 s (0 min 2 s)
Coordinates	69°06′S 144°30′E / 69.1°S 144.5°E / -69.1; 144.5
Max. width of band	3 km (1.9 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse	23:51:58
References
Saros	121 (51 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)	9153

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit between Thursday, October 30 and Friday, October 31, 1845, with a magnitude of 1.0005. It was a hybrid event, with only a fraction of its path as total, and longer sections at the start and end as an annular eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.4 days before perigee (on November 3, 1845, at 10:40 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.^[1]

The greatest eclipse was in northeasternmost Antarctica south of where the Indian and Pacific Ocean divides at 69.1 S and 144.5 E at 23:51 UTC (9:51 am on October 31), in that portion of Antarctica and the surrounding waters it shown as a total eclipse, the remainder was as an annular, first in the Indian Ocean then in the Antarctic Peninsula.^[2]

The eclipse was visible in the islands of Java, Bali, Sunda (the three compromising a part of Indonesia today) and Timor including Portuguese Timor (now East Timor), the Asian islands, almost the whole of Australia with the exception of the Cape York Peninsula, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Macquarrie Islands, New Zealand, Chatham Islands, Antipodes and some remaining small islands.

In Australia, it showed up to 10% obscuration in the south of the Gulf of Carpentaria, around 15% in Brisbane, 25–30% in Central Australia, around 40% in Sydney, 50% in Melbourne, around 55% in Tasmania and the Nullarbor Plain and around 60% in Perth, Western Australia. Elsewhere it showed 10% in the north tip of New Zealand's North Island, up to 30% in the area of Wellington, 45% in Otago. and 60% in the Chatham Islands. It was also around 90% in the shores of Western Antarctica and around the 180th meridian.

The rim of the eclipse included the area south of Cairns, Queensland, the Coral Sea and Cook Islands.

The eclipse started at sunrise in Western Australia and finished at sunset in the Antarctic Peninsula and southwest of Patagonia in South America.^[2]

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.^[3]

October 30, 1845 Solar Eclipse Times

Event	Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact	1845 October 30 at 21:32:18.1 UTC
First Umbral External Contact	1845 October 30 at 22:55:30.0 UTC
First Central Line	1845 October 30 at 22:55:59.9 UTC
Greatest Duration	1845 October 30 at 22:55:59.9 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact	1845 October 30 at 22:56:30.0 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction	1845 October 30 at 23:42:49.2 UTC
Greatest Eclipse	1845 October 30 at 23:51:57.4 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction	1845 October 31 at 00:13:51.7 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact	1845 October 31 at 00:47:11.4 UTC
Last Central Line	1845 October 31 at 00:47:38.9 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact	1845 October 31 at 00:48:06.2 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact	1845 October 31 at 02:11:21.2 UTC

October 30, 1845 Solar Eclipse Parameters

Parameter	Value
Eclipse Magnitude	1.00046
Eclipse Obscuration	1.00092
Gamma	−0.85375
Sun Right Ascension	14h20m21.2s
Sun Declination	-14°00'22.1"
Sun Semi-Diameter	16'07.2"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	08.9"
Moon Right Ascension	14h19m33.4s
Moon Declination	-14°49'00.4"
Moon Semi-Diameter	15'59.8"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	0°58'42.5"
ΔT	6.2 s

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of October–November 1845

October 30 Ascending node (new moon)	November 14 Descending node (full moon)
Hybrid solar eclipse Solar Saros 121	Partial lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 133

• An annular solar eclipse on May 6.
• A total lunar eclipse on May 21.
• A hybrid solar eclipse on October 30.
• A partial lunar eclipse on November 14.

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 11, 1842
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 18, 1849

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 18, 1838
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 11, 1852

• Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of October 24, 1836
• Followed by: Lunar eclipse of November 4, 1854

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 30, 1834
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 29, 1856

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 20, 1827
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of November 11, 1863

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 19, 1816
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 10, 1874

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 30, 1758
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 31, 1932

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.^[4]

The partial solar eclipses on June 16, 1844 and December 9, 1844 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipses on March 5, 1848 and August 28, 1848 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1844 to 1848
Ascending node				Descending node
Saros	Map	Gamma		Saros	Map	Gamma
111	November 10, 1844 Partial	−1.4902		116	May 6, 1845 Annular	0.9945
121	October 30, 1845 Hybrid	−0.8538		126	April 25, 1846 Hybrid	0.2038
131	October 20, 1846 Annular	−0.1506		136	April 15, 1847 Total	−0.5339
141	October 9, 1847 Annular	0.5774		146	April 3, 1848 Partial	−1.2264
151	September 27, 1848 Partial	1.2774

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 121, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on April 25, 944 AD. It contains total eclipses from July 10, 1070 through October 9, 1809; hybrid eclipses on October 20, 1827 and October 30, 1845; and annular eclipses from November 11, 1863 through February 28, 2044. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on June 7, 2206. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 6 minutes, 20 seconds on June 21, 1629, and the longest duration of annularity will be produced by member 62 at 2 minutes, 27 seconds on February 28, 2044. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.^[5]

Series members 49–70 occur between 1801 and 2200:
49	50	51
October 9, 1809	October 20, 1827	October 30, 1845
52	53	54
November 11, 1863	November 21, 1881	December 3, 1899
55	56	57
December 14, 1917	December 25, 1935	January 5, 1954
58	59	60
January 16, 1972	January 26, 1990	February 7, 2008
61	62	63
February 17, 2026	February 28, 2044	March 11, 2062
64	65	66
March 21, 2080	April 1, 2098	April 13, 2116
67	68	69
April 24, 2134	May 4, 2152	May 16, 2170
70
May 26, 2188

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

24 eclipse events between March 25, 1819 and August 20, 1906
March 25–26	January 11–12	October 30–31	August 18–20	June 6–7
107	109	111	113	115
March 25, 1819	January 12, 1823	October 31, 1826	August 18, 1830	June 7, 1834
117	119	121	123	125
March 25, 1838	January 11, 1842	October 30, 1845	August 18, 1849	June 6, 1853
127	129	131	133	135
March 25, 1857	January 11, 1861	October 30, 1864	August 18, 1868	June 6, 1872
137	139	141	143	145
March 25, 1876	January 11, 1880	October 30, 1883	August 19, 1887	June 6, 1891
147	149	151	153
March 26, 1895	January 11, 1899	October 31, 1902	August 20, 1906

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
March 4, 1802 (Saros 117)	February 1, 1813 (Saros 118)	January 1, 1824 (Saros 119)	November 30, 1834 (Saros 120)	October 30, 1845 (Saros 121)
September 29, 1856 (Saros 122)	August 29, 1867 (Saros 123)	July 29, 1878 (Saros 124)	June 28, 1889 (Saros 125)	May 28, 1900 (Saros 126)
April 28, 1911 (Saros 127)	March 28, 1922 (Saros 128)	February 24, 1933 (Saros 129)	January 25, 1944 (Saros 130)	December 25, 1954 (Saros 131)
November 23, 1965 (Saros 132)	October 23, 1976 (Saros 133)	September 23, 1987 (Saros 134)	August 22, 1998 (Saros 135)	July 22, 2009 (Saros 136)
June 21, 2020 (Saros 137)	May 21, 2031 (Saros 138)	April 20, 2042 (Saros 139)	March 20, 2053 (Saros 140)	February 17, 2064 (Saros 141)
January 16, 2075 (Saros 142)	December 16, 2085 (Saros 143)	November 15, 2096 (Saros 144)	October 16, 2107 (Saros 145)	September 15, 2118 (Saros 146)
August 15, 2129 (Saros 147)	July 14, 2140 (Saros 148)	June 14, 2151 (Saros 149)	May 14, 2162 (Saros 150)	April 12, 2173 (Saros 151)
March 12, 2184 (Saros 152)	February 10, 2195 (Saros 153)

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
November 19, 1816 (Saros 120)	October 30, 1845 (Saros 121)	October 10, 1874 (Saros 122)
September 21, 1903 (Saros 123)	August 31, 1932 (Saros 124)	August 11, 1961 (Saros 125)
July 22, 1990 (Saros 126)	July 2, 2019 (Saros 127)	June 11, 2048 (Saros 128)
May 22, 2077 (Saros 129)	May 3, 2106 (Saros 130)	April 13, 2135 (Saros 131)
March 23, 2164 (Saros 132)	March 3, 2193 (Saros 133)

• List of solar eclipses in the 19th century

• Google interactive maps
• Solar eclipse data