Sacerdotal state

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sacerdotal state" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Sacerdotal state" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A sacerdotal state is a state whose head is also an ecclesiastical leader designated by a religious body. An example of this kind of state is the Vatican City: its heads of state, the popes of the Catholic Church, have governed papal lands distinct from secular authority since the establishment of the Papal States in theeighth century CE.^{[1][dead link][2]} Andorra operates under a semi-sacerdotal system, as one of its co-heads of state is the bishop of Urgell, while the other is the head of state of France. However unlike the Vatican, the co-princes of Andorra are ceremonial and not closely involved in the government.

In the past, bishops commonly assumed temporal as well as spiritual authority and ruled as prince-bishops. This occurred, for example, in the Holy Roman Empire, where three of the seven imperial electors were prince-archbishops (those of Trier, Mainz and Cologne). After the 1648 Peace of Westphalia certain prince-bishoprics became bi-confessional and alternated between governance by Catholic bishops and by Protestant administrators.

The following are sacerdotal or partly sacerdotal states:

Andorra is a semi-sacerdotal state due to the Bishop of Urgell, Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (left) being one of its co-princes, the country joint heads of state, alongside French President Emmanuel Macron (right)

Andorra operates under a semi-sacerdotal system, as one of its co-heads of state is the Roman Catholic bishop of Urgell, while the other is the president of France, however the co-princes of Andorra are not closely involved in the government.^[3] The Bishop of Urgell is one of the two Catholic religious figures that also lead a country, the other being the Pope of Vatican City. Like other bishops, the Bishop of Urgell is also appointed by the Bishop of Rome thus the pope appoints a fellow head of state.

The Supreme Leader of Iran is elected for life by a body consisting of senior Twelver Shia Muslim clerics. The supreme leader, known as an ayatollah, is the spiritual leader of the country as well as a powerful political figure with wide-ranging powers and his own military force.^[4]

Since the English Reformation, English and British monarchs have held the title supreme governor of the Church of England, signifying leadership of the state church. The subsequent personal and legal unions with Wales, Scotland and Ireland did not extend Anglicanism's status of state church to these lands. Thus in the United Kingdom, the monarch is the head of state and also the leader of the state church in England and its Crown dependencies.^[5]

Vatican City operates under an episcopal system, its head of state since the eighth century is the pope of the Catholic Church.^[6][7] The pope is one of the two Catholic religious figures that also lead a country, the other being the Bishop of Urgell of Andorra.

The following are states that were sacerdotal or partly sacerdotal:

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro was a Serbian Orthodox ecclesiastical principality that existed from 1516 until 1852 in the Balkans during the Ottoman Empire's rule over most of the region.^[8]

In the past, Tibet was ruled by the Dalai Lamas, political leaders who were symbolic religious leaders but had no formal position in religious organisations, so not being sacerdotal.^[9]