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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SMAD2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesSMAD2, JV18, JV18-1, MADH2, MADR2, hMAD-2, hSMAD family member 2, LDS6, CHTD8
External IDsOMIM: 601366; MGI: 108051; HomoloGene: 21197; GeneCards: SMAD2; OMA:SMAD2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001003652
NM_001135937
NM_005901

NM_001252481
NM_010754
NM_001311070

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001003652
NP_001129409
NP_005892

NP_001239410
NP_001297999
NP_034884

Location (UCSC)Chr 18: 47.81 – 47.93 MbChr 18: 76.37 – 76.44 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene.[5][6] MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.

Function

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SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the cell nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.[7]

Like other Smads, Smad2 plays a role in the transmission of extracellular signals from ligands of the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors into the cell nucleus. Binding of a subgroup of TGFβ superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its extreme C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with Smad4. These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of gene expression.

Nomenclature

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The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene MAD in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added, since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues, e.g., Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or (MADD). The nomenclature for this protein is based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.[8]

Interactions

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 has been shown to interact with:

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175387Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024563Ensembl, May 2017
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  8. ^ "Sonic Hedgehog, DICER, and the Problem With Naming Genes", Sep 26, 2014, Michael White. psmag.com
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  18. ^ Labbé E, Letamendia A, Attisano L (July 2000). "Association of Smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-β and Wnt pathways". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (15): 8358–63. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8358L. doi:10.1073/pnas.150152697. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 26952. PMID 10890911.
  19. ^ Feng XH, Liang YY, Liang M, Zhai W, Lin X (January 2002). "Direct interaction of c-Myc with Smad2 and Smad3 to inhibit TGF-beta-mediated induction of the CDK inhibitor p15(Ink4B)". Mol. Cell. 9 (1): 133–43. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00430-0. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11804592.
  20. ^ Quinn ZA, Yang CC, Wrana JL, McDermott JC (February 2001). "Smad proteins function as co-modulators for MEF2 transcriptional regulatory proteins". Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (3): 732–42. doi:10.1093/nar/29.3.732. PMC 30396. PMID 11160896.
  21. ^ Long J, Wang G, Matsuura I, He D, Liu F (January 2004). "Activation of Smad transcriptional activity by protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (1): 99–104. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101...99L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307598100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 314145. PMID 14691252.
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  23. ^ Harada J, Kokura K, Kanei-Ishii C, Nomura T, Khan MM, Kim Y, Ishii S (October 2003). "Requirement of the co-repressor homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 for ski-mediated inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein-induced transcriptional activation". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (40): 38998–9005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307112200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12874272.
  24. ^ Luo K, Stroschein SL, Wang W, Chen D, Martens E, Zhou S, Zhou Q (September 1999). "The Ski oncoprotein interacts with the Smad proteins to repress TGFβ signaling". Genes Dev. 13 (17): 2196–206. doi:10.1101/gad.13.17.2196. ISSN 0890-9369. PMC 316985. PMID 10485843.
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  26. ^ Stroschein SL, Wang W, Zhou S, Zhou Q, Luo K (October 1999). "Negative feedback regulation of TGF-beta signaling by the SnoN oncoprotein". Science. 286 (5440): 771–4. doi:10.1126/science.286.5440.771. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10531062.
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  28. ^ Lebrun JJ, Takabe K, Chen Y, Vale W (January 1999). "Roles of pathway-specific and inhibitory Smads in activin receptor signaling". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1210/mend.13.1.0218. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 9892009. S2CID 26825706.
  29. ^ Lin X, Liang M, Feng XH (November 2000). "Smurf2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase mediating proteasome-dependent degradation of Smad2 in transforming growth factor-beta signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (47): 36818–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000580200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11016919.
  30. ^ Bonni S, Wang HR, Causing CG, Kavsak P, Stroschein SL, Luo K, Wrana JL (June 2001). "TGF-beta induces assembly of a Smad2-Smurf2 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets SnoN for degradation". Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (6): 587–95. doi:10.1038/35078562. ISSN 1465-7392. PMID 11389444. S2CID 23270947.
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Further reading

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.