Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg

Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg
Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg
	The former synagogue,; photograph taken between 1874 and 1909
Religion
Affiliation	Reform Judaism (former)
Rite	Nusach Ashkenaz
Ecclesiastical or organisational status	Synagogue (1874–1938)
Status	Destroyed
Location
Location	Hans-Sachs-Platz, Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg), Bavaria
Country	Germany
	Location of the former synagogue in Bavaria
Geographic coordinates	49°27′12″N 11°04′47″E / 49.45333°N 11.07972°E
Architecture
Type	Synagogue architecture
Style	Moorish Revival
Date established	1862 (as a congregation)
Completed	1874
Construction cost	46,000 florins
Destroyed	27 September 1938
Capacity	935 seats

The Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg was a former Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg), in the state of Bavaria, Germany.

Designed by Adolf Wolff in the Moorish Revival style, completed in 1874, and destroyed by Nazis on 27 September 1938, it was the third synagogue in Nuremberg.

Previous synagogues in Nuremberg

The first medieval age synagogue stood on the site of today's Frauenkirche at the Hauptmarkt, and it was destroyed during the anti-Jewish pogroms of 1349. A second synagogue was located at the Wunderburggasse, and was destroyed in 1499 during another pogrom.

Architecture and history

The synagogue, located at Hans-Sachs-Platz, connected elements of Christian church architecture with oriental decoration, and symbolized the integration of Jews into the city's society after a 400-year ban on Judaism. Also, the synagogue was cherished by tourists, and was called the Perle in der Silhouette und Zierde der Stadt ("pearl in the skyline and adornment of the town").^[2]

It was designed by Adolf Wolff (1832–1885) for the city's approximately 300 Jewish families at a cost of 46,000 florins. The first stone was installed in 1870, and the grand opening was on 8 and 9 September 1874, with the leaders of the area's various Christian communities attending.^[3] It had seating for 389 women and 546 men.

In 1875, an organ was installed. In 1886, Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, visited.

In September 1897, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, visited with his wife and two of his children. He met with the senior Rabbi, Dr. Ziemlich, and asked him about the city's Jewish community and compared the synagogue with another he had visited in Prague.^{[citation needed]}

In August 1938, the synagogue was seized and destroyed on the orders of mayor Willy Liebel and Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, who stated that it was architecturally offensive.^[4]^[2] The process of destruction was interrupted by the Reichsparteitag and was only completed on 27 September 1938.

The community produced some of Germany's leading Reform scholars.^{[citation needed]} In 1902, a smaller Orthodox synagogue was established in Nuremberg. It was also destroyed in 1938 during the Kristallnacht.^[1]

Clergy

The following individuals have served as rabbi of the congregation:^{[citation needed]}

Ordinal	Name	Term began	Term ended	Time in office	Notes
1	Dr. Moritz Lewin	1874	1880	5–6 years	Later became a leader of Berlin's Reform Judaism movement
2	Dr. Pincus Bernhard Ziemlich	1881	1907	25–26 years
3	Dr. Max Freudenthal	1907	1934	26–27 years
4	Dr. Isaak (Ernst) Heilbronn	1912	1939	26–27 years	Fled to the USA in 1939 and became a rabbi at Congregation Beth Hillel in New York

Post-war era

After the war ended, the city of Nuremberg did not decide to reconstruct the synagogue, in spite of the area being not overbuilt and available for construction work. Also, the winning entry of Nuremberg's 1947 architectural competition – intended to gather the best plans on how to rebuild the city – did not envision a synagogue on its original premises. Heinz Schmeißner, who won the prize, was also the city's official for surface construction from 1937 to 1945, and thus he also formally oversaw the destruction of the synagogue.^{[citation needed]}

In 1984, a contemporary concrete synagogue and cultural centre was completed, located at Arno-Hamburger-Straße 3, in Nuremberg.^[5]

Gallery

Postcard, 1900
Photo from the Library of Congress, c. 1900
View from Pegnitz bridge (1891)
Model of the synagogue, from the Modern Pinakothek Museum in Munich, in 2018
Julius Streicher speaking in front of the synagogue, August 10, 1938

Notes

^ The earliest record of a Jewish presence in Nuremberg is dated 1112. Jewish communities were destroyed in Nuremberg in 1298 and again in 1349. All Jews were expelled from the city in 1499, and it was not until the 19th century that Jews re-established a presence.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Nuremberg [Nürenberg / Nuerenberg]". Destroyed German Synagogues and Communities. 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Tjiang, Thomas (August 9, 2013). "Erinnerung an die "Perle" der Nürnberger". Mittelbayerische Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
^ "Pogrome, Kristallnacht – und Wiederaufbau". nordbayern.de (in German). June 8, 2010.
^ "Streicher admits destruction of Nuremberg Synagogue; repeats anti-semitic slanders". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 30, 1946.
^ "Contemporary Synagogue in Nürnberg". Historic synagogues of Europe. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the Center for Jewish Art at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. n.d. Retrieved June 22, 2024.

External links

Media related to Hauptsynagoge (Hans-Sachs-Platz, Nürnberg) at Wikimedia Commons

[2] The earliest record of a Jewish presence in Nuremberg is dated 1112. Jewish communities were destroyed in Nuremberg in 1298 and again in 1349. All Jews were expelled from the city in 1499, and it was not until the 19th century that Jews re-established a presence.^[1]

[german-1] "Nuremberg [Nürenberg / Nuerenberg]". Destroyed German Synagogues and Communities. 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.

[mittelbayerische-3] Tjiang, Thomas (August 9, 2013). "Erinnerung an die "Perle" der Nürnberger". Mittelbayerische Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.

[4] "Pogrome, Kristallnacht – und Wiederaufbau". nordbayern.de (in German). June 8, 2010.

[5] "Streicher admits destruction of Nuremberg Synagogue; repeats anti-semitic slanders". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 30, 1946.

[6] "Contemporary Synagogue in Nürnberg". Historic synagogues of Europe. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the Center for Jewish Art at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. n.d. Retrieved June 22, 2024.

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