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- Unter Brutpflege versteht man die Fürsorge der Eltern (meistens des Weibchens) für ihre Nachkommen (Brut) aufgrund angeborener Instinkte in Kombination mit der hormonellen Umstellung, welche durch die Eiablage oder die Geburt ausgelöst wird.Die Pflege und Erziehung menschlicher Nachkommen während des Aufwachsens ist ebenfalls eine Form von Brutpflege. (de)
- El cuidado parental es una estrategia de comportamiento y evolutiva adoptada por algunos animales que hacen una inversión parental para incrementar la eficacia biológica de sus descendientes. Esta estrategia significa más esfuerzo invertido en un número relativamente bajo de descendientes para darle a cada uno de ellos una mayor posibilidad de sobrevivir para reproducirse; una estrategia opuesta es producir grandes cantidades de descendientes pequeños, generalmente en forma de huevos que son abandonados para que sobrevivan por ellos mismos. El cuidado parental se encuentra en muchos insectos, especialmente insectos sociales como las hormigas, abejas o avispas; en algunos peces; en muchas aves y especialmente en mamíferos. (es)
- Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring. Patterns of parental care are widespread and highly diverse across the animal kingdom. There is great variation in different animal groups in terms of how parents care for offspring, and the amount of resources invested by parents. For example, there may be considerable variation in the amount of care invested by each sex, where females may invest more in some species, males invest more in others, or investment may be shared equally. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to describe this variation and patterns in parental care that exist between the sexes, as well as among species. Parental care is any behaviour that contributes to offspring survival, such as building a nest, provisioning offspring with food, or defending offspring from predators. Reptiles may produce self-sufficient young needing no parental care, while some hatchling birds may be helpless at birth, relying on their parents for survival. Parental care is beneficial if it increases the parent's inclusive fitness, such as by improving offspring survival, quality, or reproductive success. Since parental care is costly and often affects the parent's own future survival and reproductive success, parents ensure that any investment is well-spent. Parental care thus only evolves where it is adaptive. Types of parental care include maternal or paternal care, biparental care and alloparental care. Sexual conflict is known to occur over mating, and further familial conflicts may continue after mating when there is parental care of the eggs or young. For example, conflict may arise between male and female parents over how much care each should provide, conflict may arise between siblings over how much care each should demand, and conflicts may arise between parents and offspring over the supply and demand of care. Although parental care increases the evolutionary fitness of the offspring receiving the care, it produces a cost for the parent organism as energy is expended on caring for the offspring, and mating opportunities may be lost. As this is costly, it only evolves from a when the costs are outweighed by the benefits. Parental care is seen in many insects, notably the social insects such as ants, bees and wasps; in certain fishes, such as the mouthbrooders; widely in birds; in amphibians; some reptiles and especially widely in mammals, which share two major adaptations for care of the young, namely gestation (development of the embryo inside the mother's body) and production of milk. (en)
- Broedzorg is een verschijnsel uit het dierenrijk waarbij één of beide ouders op een bepaalde manier voor hun nageslacht zorgen. Deze zorg bestaat in diverse gradaties. Zoogdieren kennen vergaande broedzorg, hetzelfde geldt voor vrijwel alle vogels, maar bij andere gewervelde dieren komt broedzorg minder vaak voor. De jongen, en in het geval van vogels ook de eieren, worden beschermd en verzorgd tot ze zelfstandig zijn. (nl)
- Cuidados parentais representa um mecanismo de seleção pós-copula, no qual progenitores utilizam de estratégias que aumentem a sobrevivência seus descendentes, mas em contrapartida acabam por reduzir sua própria sobrevivência e/ou possibilidades de reproduções futuras. Dessa forma, parentais que investem muito em um baixo número de filhotes tendem a diminuir o número total de filhotes produzidos ao longo da vida, mas individualmente os filhotes apresentam maior sobrevivência. São exemplos de cuidado parental:suprir a prole de alimento, construir ninhos e abrigos, proteger contra predação, e transmitir calor. Estratégias de cuidado parental são observadas tanto em vertebrados como invertebrados. Considerando que a seleção natural age sobre o indivíduo, o cuidado parental pode parecer paradoxal, já que os pais se prejudicariam em benefício do filhote. Isto abriria margem para interpretações de seleção em nível de grupo, o que é fortemente rejeitado pelos especialistas. O cuidado parental difere de seleção de grupo pelo grau de relação dos provedores de cuidado parental com a prole. (pt)
- 親代撫育（英語：Parental care），亦作親代照顧，是一個行為學和演化學的專有名詞，指人類或動物的父母輩對其子女的撫育行為。按照演化學的理論：親代撫育行為令父母輩對子女所投放的關顧（親代投資），令其後代在演化過程較其他沒有親代撫育行為的物種有的。 (zh)
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- Unter Brutpflege versteht man die Fürsorge der Eltern (meistens des Weibchens) für ihre Nachkommen (Brut) aufgrund angeborener Instinkte in Kombination mit der hormonellen Umstellung, welche durch die Eiablage oder die Geburt ausgelöst wird.Die Pflege und Erziehung menschlicher Nachkommen während des Aufwachsens ist ebenfalls eine Form von Brutpflege. (de)
- Broedzorg is een verschijnsel uit het dierenrijk waarbij één of beide ouders op een bepaalde manier voor hun nageslacht zorgen. Deze zorg bestaat in diverse gradaties. Zoogdieren kennen vergaande broedzorg, hetzelfde geldt voor vrijwel alle vogels, maar bij andere gewervelde dieren komt broedzorg minder vaak voor. De jongen, en in het geval van vogels ook de eieren, worden beschermd en verzorgd tot ze zelfstandig zijn. (nl)
- 親代撫育（英語：Parental care），亦作親代照顧，是一個行為學和演化學的專有名詞，指人類或動物的父母輩對其子女的撫育行為。按照演化學的理論：親代撫育行為令父母輩對子女所投放的關顧（親代投資），令其後代在演化過程較其他沒有親代撫育行為的物種有的。 (zh)
- El cuidado parental es una estrategia de comportamiento y evolutiva adoptada por algunos animales que hacen una inversión parental para incrementar la eficacia biológica de sus descendientes. Esta estrategia significa más esfuerzo invertido en un número relativamente bajo de descendientes para darle a cada uno de ellos una mayor posibilidad de sobrevivir para reproducirse; una estrategia opuesta es producir grandes cantidades de descendientes pequeños, generalmente en forma de huevos que son abandonados para que sobrevivan por ellos mismos. (es)
- Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring. Patterns of parental care are widespread and highly diverse across the animal kingdom. There is great variation in different animal groups in terms of how parents care for offspring, and the amount of resources invested by parents. For example, there may be considerable variation in the amount of care invested by each sex, where females may invest more in some species, males invest more in others, or investment may be shared equally. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to describe this variation and patterns in parental care that exist between the sexes, as well as among species. (en)
- Cuidados parentais representa um mecanismo de seleção pós-copula, no qual progenitores utilizam de estratégias que aumentem a sobrevivência seus descendentes, mas em contrapartida acabam por reduzir sua própria sobrevivência e/ou possibilidades de reproduções futuras. Dessa forma, parentais que investem muito em um baixo número de filhotes tendem a diminuir o número total de filhotes produzidos ao longo da vida, mas individualmente os filhotes apresentam maior sobrevivência. São exemplos de cuidado parental:suprir a prole de alimento, construir ninhos e abrigos, proteger contra predação, e transmitir calor. Estratégias de cuidado parental são observadas tanto em vertebrados como invertebrados. (pt)
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