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- Chimurenga is a word in the Shona language. The Ndebele equivalent, though not as widely used since the majority of Zimbabweans are Shona speaking, is Umvukela, meaning "revolutionary struggle" or uprising. In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s—the Second Matabele War, or First Chimurenga—and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and 1970s—the Rhodesian Bush War, or Second Chimurenga/Imvukela. The concept is also occasionally used in reference to the land reform programme undertaken by the Government of Zimbabwe since 2000, which some call a Third Chimurenga. Proponents of land reform regard it as the final phase in what they hold to be the liberation of Zimbabwe through economic and agrarian reforms intended to empower indigenous people, despite the economic collapse that soon followed, which some have labeled the Third "Chimurenga" as being the catalyst. In a modern context, the word may denote a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice. The expression is also used in context with modern Zimbabwean music, Chimurenga music. (en)
- Чимуренга (борьба) — общее название межрасовых столкновений на территории Зимбабве между чернокожими аборигенами и белыми колонистами.
* Первая Чимуренга — 1896—1897 — восстание против агентов Британской южно-африканской компании.
* Вторая Чимуренга (Война в Южной Родезии) — 1964—1980 — партизанская война против власти белого меньшинства в Родезии.
* Третья Чимуренга — с 2000 — мероприятия по экспроприации земель у белых фермеров. (ru)
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- Чимуренга (борьба) — общее название межрасовых столкновений на территории Зимбабве между чернокожими аборигенами и белыми колонистами.
* Первая Чимуренга — 1896—1897 — восстание против агентов Британской южно-африканской компании.
* Вторая Чимуренга (Война в Южной Родезии) — 1964—1980 — партизанская война против власти белого меньшинства в Родезии.
* Третья Чимуренга — с 2000 — мероприятия по экспроприации земель у белых фермеров. (ru)
- Chimurenga is a word in the Shona language. The Ndebele equivalent, though not as widely used since the majority of Zimbabweans are Shona speaking, is Umvukela, meaning "revolutionary struggle" or uprising. In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s—the Second Matabele War, or First Chimurenga—and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and the predominantly white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and 1970s—the Rhodesian Bush War, or Second Chimurenga/Imvukela. (en)
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