Summary: We determine the material parameters in the relaxed micromorphic generalized continuum model for a given periodic microstructure in this work. This is achieved through a least squares fitting of the total energy of the relaxed micromorphic homogeneous continuum to the total energy of the fully-resolved heterogeneous microstructure, governed by classical linear elasticity. We avoid establishing exact micro-macro transition relations, as in classical homogenization theory, because defining a representative volume element is not feasible in the absence of scale separation, as such an element does not exist. The relaxed micromorphic model is a generalized continuum that utilizes the Curl of a micro-distortion field instead of its full gradient as in the classical micromorphic theory, leading to several advantages and differences. The most crucial advantage is that it operates between two well-defined scales. These scales are determined by linear elasticity with microscopic and macroscopic elasticity tensors, which respectively bound the stiffness of the relaxed micromorphic continuum from above and below. While the macroscopic elasticity tensor is established a priori through standard periodic first-order homogenization, the microscopic elasticity tensor remains to be determined. Additionally, the characteristic length parameter, associated with curvature measurement, controls the transition between the micro- and macro-scales. Both the microscopic elasticity tensor and the characteristic length parameter are here determined using a computational approach based on the least squares fitting of energies. This process involves the consideration of an adequate number of quadratic deformation modes and different specimen sizes. We conduct a comparative analysis between the least square fitting results of the relaxed micromorphic model, the fitting of a skew-symmetric micro-distortion field (Cosserat-micropolar model), and the fitting of the classical micromorphic model with two different formulations for the curvature; one simplified formulation involving only one single characteristic length and a simplified isotropic curvature with three parameters. The relaxed micromorphic model demonstrates good agreement with the fully-resolved heterogeneous solution after optimizing only four parameters. The “simplified” full micromorphic model, which includes isotropic curvature and involves the optimization of seven parameters, does not achieve superior results, while the Cosserat model exhibits the poorest fitting.