×

Combined custom hedging: optimal design, noninsurable exposure, and operational risk management. (English) Zbl 1484.91476

Summary: We develop a normative framework for the optimal design, value assessment, and risk management integration of combined custom contingent claims. A risk-averse firm faces a mix of financially insurable and noninsurable risk. The firm seeks optimal positioning in a pair of custom claims, one written on the insurable term and another written on any listed index correlated to the noninsurable term. We prove that a unique optimum always exists unless the index is redundant and show that the optimal payoff schedules satisfy a design integral equation. We assess the firm’s incremental benefit in terms of both an indifference value and an efficiency rating; this benefit increases with the correlation of the index to the noninsurable term, and it decreases with the correlation of the index to the insurable term. Our hedge proves to be empirically relevant for a highly risk-averse firm facing a market shock (COVID-19 pandemic). In the context of a newsvendor model featuring random price and demand, we show that (i) integrating our optimal combined custom hedge with the corresponding optimal procurement policy allows the firm to obtain a significant improvement in both risk and return, and (ii) this gain may be traded off for a substantial enhancement in operational flexibility.

MSC:

91G20 Derivative securities (option pricing, hedging, etc.)

References:

[1] Adam TR, Fernando CS (2006) Hedging, speculation, and shareholder value. J. Financial Econom. 81(2):283-309.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.03.014
[2] Adam-Müller AFA (1997) Export and hedging decisions under revenue and exchange rate risk: A note. Eur. Econom. Rev. 41:1421-1426.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(96)00029-3
[3] Anderson RW, Danthine JP (1980) Hedging and joint production: theory and illustrations. J. Finance 35:487-498.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02180.x
[4] Babich V, Kouvelis P (2018) Introduction to the Special Issue on Research at the Interface of Finance, Operations, and Risk Management (iFORM): Recent Contributions and Future Directions. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 20(1):1-18.Link, Google Scholar
[5] Balakrishnan N, Lai CD (2009) Continuous Bivariate Distributions (Springer-Verlag, New York).Google Scholar · Zbl 1267.62028
[6] Basak S, Chabakauri G (2012) Dynamic hedging in incomplete markets: a simple solution. Rev. Financial Stud. 25(6):1845-1896.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhs050
[7] Baur DG, Lucey BM (2010) Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Rev. 45:217-229.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x
[8] Berling P, Martínez-de-Albéniz V (2011) Optimal inventory policies when purchase price and demand are stochastic. Oper. Res. 59(1):109-124.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1217.90009
[9] Bingham NH, Kiesel R (2004) Risk-Neutral Valuation - Pricing and Hedging of Financial Derivatives (Springer Finance, Springer-Verlag, London).Google Scholar · Zbl 1058.91029
[10] Birge JR (2015) OM forum-operations and finance interactions. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 17(1):4-15.Link, Google Scholar
[11] Brennan MJ, Solanki R (1981) Optimal portfolio insurance. J. Financial Quant. Anal. 16(3):279-300.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.2307/2330239
[12] Brown GW, Toft KB (2002) How firms should hedge. Rev. Financial Stud. 14:1283-1324.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1093/rfs/15.4.1283
[13] Briys E, Crouhy M, Schlesinger H (1993) Optimal hedging in a futures market with background noise and basis risk. Eur. Econom. Rev. 37:949-960.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/0014-2921(93)90103-H
[14] Caldentey R, Haugh MB (2006) Optimal control and hedging of operations in the presence of financial markets. Math. Oper. Res. 31(2):285-304.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1276.91099
[15] Caldentey R, Haugh MB (2009) Supply contracts with financial hedging. Oper. Res. 57(1):47-65.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1181.91051
[16] Carr P, Madan D (2001) Optimal positioning in derivative securities. Quant. Finance 1(1):19-37.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 1405.91599 · doi:10.1080/713665549
[17] Cartea Á, Williams T (2008) UK Gas markets: the market price of risk and applications to multiple interruptible supply contracts. Energy Econom. 30(3):829-846.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.001
[18] Chen L, Li S, Wang L (2014) Capacity planning with financial and operational hedging in low-cost countries. Production Oper. Management 23:1495-1510.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/poms.12172
[19] Chen X, Sim M, Simchi-Levi D, Sun P (2007) Risk aversion in inventory management. Oper. Res. 55(5):828-842.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1167.90317
[20] Chod J, Rudi N, van Mieghem JAV (2010) Operational flexibility and financial hedging: complements or substitutes? Management Sci. 56:1030-1045.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1232.91696
[21] Chowdhry B, Howe JTB (1999) Corporate risk management for multinational corporations: financial and operational hedging policies. Eur. Finance Rev. 2:229-246.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 0951.91030 · doi:10.1023/A:1009778703889
[22] Cummins JD, Mahul O (2008) Hedging under counterparty credit uncertainty. J. Futures Mark. 28:248-263.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1002/fut.20287
[23] Ding Q, Dong L, Kouvelis P (2007) On the integration of production and financial hedging decisions in global markets. Oper. Res. 55:470-489.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1167.91366
[24] Dong L, Tomlin B (2012) Managing disruption risk: the interplay between operations and insurance. Management Sci. 58:1898-1915.Link, Google Scholar
[25] Dong L, Guo X, Turcic D (2019) Selling a product line through a retailer when demand is stochastic: Analysis of price-only contracts. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 21(4):742-760.Link, Google Scholar
[26] Faias JA, Santa-Clara P (2017) Optimal option portfolio strategies: deepening the puzzle of index option mispricing. J. Financial Quant. Anal. 52(1):277-303.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1017/S0022109016000831
[27] Fraser J, Simkins BJ, eds. (2010) Enterprise Risk Management. Kolb Series in Finance (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ).Google Scholar
[28] Fusai G, Marena M, Roncoroni A (2008) Analytical pricing of discretely monitored asian-style options: theory and application to commodity markets. J. Banking Finance 32(10):2033-2045.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.12.024
[29] Gaur V, Seshadri S (2005) Hedging inventory risk through market instruments. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 7(2):103-120.Link, Google Scholar
[30] Gerner M, Ronn EI (2013) Fine-tuning a corporate hedging portfolio: the case of an airline. J. Appl. Corporate Finance 25(4):74-86.Google Scholar
[31] Goel A, Tanrisever F (2017) Financial hedging and optimal procurement policies under correlated price and demand. Production Oper. Management 26(10):1924-1945.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/poms.12723
[32] Guiotto P, Roncoroni A, Turcic D (2020) The term structure of optimal operations. Foundations Trends Tech. Inform. Oper. Management 14(1-2):155-177.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1561/0200000096-9
[33] Haugh MB, Lo AW (2001) Asset allocation and derivatives. Quant. Finance 1:45-72.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 1405.91694 · doi:10.1080/713665551
[34] Iancu DA, Trichakis N, Tsoukalas G (2017) Is operating flexibility harmful under debt? Management Sci. 63(6):1730-1761.Link, Google Scholar
[35] Kerkvliet J, Moffet MH (1991) The hedging of an uncertain future foreign currency cash flow. J. Financial Quant. Anal. 26:565-579.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.2307/2331413
[36] Kouvelis P, Li R, Ding Q (2013) Managing storable commodity risks: the role of inventory and financial hedge. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 15(3):507-521.Link, Google Scholar
[37] Kouvelis P, Pang Z, Ding Q (2018) Integrated commodity inventory management and financial hedging: a dynamic mean-variance analysis. Production Oper. Management 27(6):1052-1073.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/poms.12853
[38] Leland H (1980) Who should buy portfolio insurance. J. Finance 35:581-594.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02190.x
[39] Leung T, Ludkovski M (2011) Optimal timing to purchase options. SIAM J. Financial Math. 2:768-793.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 1260.91239 · doi:10.1137/100809386
[40] McKinnon RI (1967) Futures markets, buffer stocks, and income stability for primary producers. J. Political Econom. 75:844-861.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1086/259363
[41] Mello AS, Parsons JE (2000) Hedging and liquidity. Rev. Financial Stud. 13:127-153.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1093/rfs/13.1.127
[42] Moschini G, Lapan H (1995) The hedging role of options and futures under joint price, basis, and production risk. Internat. Econom. Rev. 36(4):1025-1049.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 0848.90015 · doi:10.2307/2527271
[43] Nadarajah S, Secomandi N (2018) Merchant energy trading in a network. Oper. Res. 66(5):1304-1320.Link, Google Scholar
[44] Park JH, Kazaz B, Webster S (2017) Risk mitigation of production hedging. Production Oper. Management 26(7):1299-1314.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/poms.12688
[45] Poitras J (2013) Commodity Risk Management: Theory and Application (Routledge, New York, London).Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.4324/9780203107614
[46] Ritchken PH, Tapiero CS (1986) Contingent claims contracting for purchasing decisions in inventory management. Oper. Res. 34(6):864-870.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 0617.90016
[47] Rolfo J (1980) Optimal hedging under price and quantity uncertainty: the case of a cocoa producer. J. Political Econom. 88:100-116.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1086/260849
[48] Roncoroni A, Id Brik R (2017) Hedging size risk: theory and application to the U.S. gas market. Energy Econom. 64:415-437.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.10.020
[49] Secomandi N (2015) Merchant commodity storage practice revisited. Oper. Res. 63(5):1131-1143.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1338.90287
[50] Secomandi N, Kekre S (2014) Optimal energy procurement in spot and forward markets. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 16(2):270-282.Link, Google Scholar
[51] Smith C, Stulz R (1985) The determinants of firms’ hedging policies. J. Financial Quant. Anal. 20:391-405.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.2307/2330757
[52] Turcic D, Kouvelis P, Bolandifar E (2015) Hedging commodity procurement in a bilateral supply chain. Manufacturing Service Oper. Management 17(2):221-235.Link, Google Scholar
[53] Van Mieghem JA (2007) Risk mitigation in newsvendor networks: resource diversification, flexibility, sharing, and hedging. Management Sci. 53(8):1269-1288.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1232.90125
[54] Wang L, Yao DD (2017) Production with risk hedging - optimal policy and efficient frontier. Oper. Res. 65(4):1095-1113.Link, Google Scholar · Zbl 1405.91350
[55] Wang L, Yao DD (2019) Risk hedging for production planning. Production Oper. Management ePub ahead of print September 20, https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13103.Google Scholar
[56] Xu Y, Pinedo M, Xue M (2016) Operational risk in financial services. A review and new research opportunities. Production Oper. Management 26(3):426-445.Crossref, Google Scholar · doi:10.1111/poms.12652
[57] Zhao L, Huchzermeier A (2017) Integrated operational and financial hedging with capacity reshoring. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 260:557-570.Crossref, Google Scholar · Zbl 1403.90068 · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2016.12.036
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. In some cases that data have been complemented/enhanced by data from zbMATH Open. This attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming completeness or a perfect matching.