View source for Appendix:Suffixes -ome and -omics

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason:

Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis.

The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .

Start of block: 05:38, 21 February 2024
Expiry of block: 05:38, 21 February 2029

Your current IP address is 35.175.108.218. The blocked range is 35.175.0.0/16.

Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy.

Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page.

{{also|-nomics}}

The English-language [[neologism]] '''omics''' informally refers to a field of study in [[biology]] ending in  ''-omics'', such as [[genomics]] or [[proteomics]]. The related neologism '''omes''' addresses the objects of study of such fields, such as the [[genome]] or [[proteome]] respectively.

The suffix ''-ome-'' as used in molecular biology refers to a ''totality'' of some sort; it is an example of a "neo-suffix" formed by abstraction from various Greek terms in  {{m|grc|-ωμα}}, a sequence that does not form an identifiable suffix in Greek.

==Origin==
The [[w:Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]] (OED) distinguishes three different fields of application for the ''-ome-'' suffix:
#in medicine, forming nouns with the sense "swelling, tumour"
#in botany or zoology, forming nouns in the sense "a part of an animal or plant with a specified structure"
#in cellular and molecular biology, forming nouns with the sense "all constituents considered collectively".

The ''-ome-'' suffix originates as a variant of ''-oma-'', and  became productive in the last quarter of the 19th  century. It was originally found in terms like ''[[carcinome]]'', ''[[sclerome]]'', ''[[rhizome]]''. All of these are terms are derived from Greek words in {{m|grc|-ωμα}}, a sequence that is  not a single suffix, but analyzable as  {{m|grc|-ω-μα}}, the {{m|grc|-ω-}} belonging to the word stem, usually a verb, and the {{m|grc|-μα}} being a genuine Greek suffix forming abstract nouns.

OED suggests that suffix ''-ome-''  in sense 3. originated as a [[back-formation]] from ''[[mitome]]'', later also reinforced by  ''[[chromosome]]''. Early attestations include ''[[biome]]'' (1916) and  ''[[genome]]'' (first coined as German ''Genom'' in 1920).<ref name="omic_dict">Coleridge, H.; ''et alii''. ''[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]]''.</ref>

The association with ''chromosome'' in molecular biology is by [[folk etymology|false etymology]]. The word ''chromosome''  derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[stem]]s {{m|grc|χρωμ(ατ)-}} "colour" and {{m|grc|σωμ(ατ)-}} "body".<ref name="omic_dict" />. While {{m|grc|σωμα}} "body" genuinely contains the {{m|grc|-μα}}  suffix, the preceding  {{m|grc|-ω-}} is not a stem-forming suffix but part of the word's [[root]].
Because ''genome'' refers to the ''complete'' genetic makeup of an organism, a neo-suffix  ''-ome-'' suggested itself as referring to "wholeness" or "completion".<ref name="liddell">Liddell,, H.G.; Scott, R.; ''et alii''. ''[[w:A Greek-English Lexicon]]'' [1996].([http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=greek Search at Perseus Project.])</ref>

[[bioinformatician|Bioinformaticians]] and [[molecular biologist]]s figured amongst the first scientists to start to apply the "-ome" suffix widely. Some early advocates were bioinformaticians in [[Cambridge]], UK, where there were many early bioinformatics labs such as the MRC centre, [[w:Sanger centre]], and EBI ([[w:European Bioinformatics Institute]]). For example, the [[w:MRC centre]] is where the first genome and proteome projects were carried out.

== Current usage ==
Many “omes” beyond the original “[[genome]]” have become useful and have been widely adopted by research scientists. “[[proteomics|Proteomics]]” has become well-established as a term for studying [[proteins]] at a large scale. "Omes" can provide an easy short-hand to encapsulate a field; for example, an interactomics study is clearly recognisable as relating to large-scale analyses of gene-gene, protein-protein, or protein-ligand interactions. Researchers are rapidly taking up omes and omics, as shown by the explosion of the use of these terms in [[w:PubMed]] since the mid '90s.<ref>[http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/what-is-it/omes/omes.html Omes Table, Gerstein Lab]</ref>

== List of "omes"==
===Established usage===
* The ''[[transcriptome]]'', the [[mRNA]] complement of an entire organism, tissue type, or cell; with its  associated field ''[[transcriptomics]]''<sup>[http://www.affymetrix.com/transcriptome/index.affx]</sup>
* The ''[[proteome]]'', the [[protein]] complement of an entire organism, tissue type, or cell; with its associated field ''[[proteomics]]''<sup>[http://www.hupo.org/]</sup>
* The ''[[metabolome]]'',  the totality of [[metabolite]]s in an organism; with its associated field ''[[metabolomics]]''<sup>[http://www.metabolomicssociety.org/about.html]</sup>
* The ''[[metallome]]'', the totality of [[metal]] and [[metalloid]] species; with its associated field  ''[[metallomics]]''
* The ''[[lipidome]]'', the totality of [[lipid]]s; with its associated field ''[[lipidomics]]'' <sup>[http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ejlt.200390101]</sup>
* The ''[[glycome]]'', the totality of [[glycan]]s, carbohydrate structures of an organism, a cell or tissue type; with its associated field ''[[glycomics]]''
* The ''[[interactome]]'', the totality of the molecular interactions in an organism<sup>[http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/14769/]</sup>''; a once proposed field of [[interactomics]]''<sup>[http://interactomics.org/]</sup> has generally become known as [[systems biology]]
* The ''[[spliceome]]'' (see [[spliceosome]]), the totality of the [[alternative splicing]] protein [[isoform]]s;<sup>[http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/genetics/glossary/spliceosome.html]</sup> with its associated field ''spliceomics''.
* The ''[[ORFeome]]'' refers to the totality of DNA sequences that begin with the initiation [[codon]] ATG, end with a nonsense codon, and contain no stop codon. Such sequences may therefore encode part or all of a protein.<sup>[http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-O/open_reading_frame.html]</sup><sup>[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4644]</sup>
* The ''[[speechome]]''. ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4987880.stm BBC article on the Speechome Project])
* The ''[[mechanome]]'' refers to the force and mechanical systems at work within an organism.
* The ''[[phenome]]'' - the organism itself.  The phenome is to the [[phenotype]] what the genome is to the gene. The phenome can also be the complete list of phenotypic mutants available for a species.
* The ''[[exposome]]'' - the collection of an individual's environmental exposures.<ref name=Wild>{{cite-journal|author=Christopher Paul Wild|title=Complementing the Genome with an ‘Exposome’: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology|journal={{w|Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention}}|year=August 2005|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1847–1850|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456|pmid=16103423}}.</ref>

===Nonce coinages===
* ''[[ubiquitome]]'': The complement of [[ubiquitin]] conjugated proteins within the [[proteome]].
* ''[[receptorome]]'': The portion of the genome encoding [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]]
* ''[[kinome]]'': The totality of [[protein kinases]] in a cell. ''Kinomics'': The study of the kinome.
* ''[[physiome]]'': Related to [[physiology]]. ''Physiomics'': The associated field of study.
* ''[[neurome]]'': The complete neural makeup of an organism. A word which a [[neurobiology|neurobiologist]] might utter in the future. ''Neuromics'': The study of the neurome. ([https://sites.google.com/view/the-neurome-project/home])
** Note: Neurome<sup>[http://Neurome.com]</sup> and Neuromics<sup>[http://neuromics.com]</sup> are also the names of Biotech companies. The term 'Neurome' has been used by NeuronBank.org<sup>[http://NeuronBank.org]</sup>, which is an attempt to develop an approach to catalog the Neurome.
* ''[[cytome]]'': The cellular composition of a tissue. This term is associated to [[flow cytometry|cell sorting]] techniques.
* ''[[predictome]]'': A complete set of predictions.<sup>[http://predictome.bu.edu/]</sup>
* ''[[reactome]]'': A [[knowledge base]] of biological processes.<sup>[http://www.reactome.org/]</sup>
*''[[connectome]]'': The connections between neurons. [http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nrn2391.html A Technicolour Approach to the Connectome (Nature)]
*''[[translatomics]]:'' Analysis of actively transcribed mRNA molecules. <sup>[http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/856]</sup>
*''[[transferome]]:'' the complete set of genes within a genome that were acquired through horizontal gene transfer <sup><ref>{{cite-web|title=Abstract &#124; The transferome of metabolic genes explored: analysis of the horizontal transfer of enzyme encoding genes in unicellular eukaryotes <!-- BOT GENERATED PAGE TITLE -->|url=http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/4/R36|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5g8mQ8KYB|archivedate=2009-04-18|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref></sup>

==Unrelated words in ''-omics''==
{{also|-nomics}}
The word “comic” does not use the "omics" suffix; it derives from Greek “κωμ(ο)-” (''merriment'') + “-ικ(ο)-” (an adjectival suffix), rather than presenting a truncation of “σωμ(ατ)-”.

Similarly, the word “economy” is assembled from Greek “οικ(ο)-” (''household'') + “νομ(ο)-” (''law'' or ''custom''), and “economic(s)” from “οικ(ο)-” + “νομ(ο)-” + “-ικ(ο)-”.  The suffix -omics is sometimes used to create [[portmanteau]] words to refer to schools of [[economics]] such as [[Reaganomics]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://omics.org Omics.org] — The omics wiki site. A comprehensive omics list on the internet.
* [http://www.genomicglossaries.com/content/omes.asp List of omics] — Lists far more than this page, with references/origins. Maintained by the (CHI) Cambridge Health Institute. One of the earliest lists.
* [http://www.omicsworld.com/ Omics World] — Resources and information for omics research
* Lederberg J, McCray A. [http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/lhc/docs/published/2001/pub2001047.pdf 'Ome Sweet 'Omics — A Genealogical Treasury of Words] PDF (2 pages). [[w:The Scientist]] 15[7]:8, Apr. 2, 2001. Commentary.

[[Category:English terms suffixed with -ome|*]]
[[Category:English terms suffixed with -omics|*]]
[[Category:English suffixes|omics]]
[[Category:English suffix appendices|omics]]

Templates used on this page:

Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/1 (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/accessdate (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/archivedate (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/archiveurl (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/author (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/doi (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/issue (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/journal (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/pages (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/pmid (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/title (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/url (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/volume (edit)
Wiktionary:Tracking/quote/param/year (edit)
Template:also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:cite-journal (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:cite-web (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:m (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:mention (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:w (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:also (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:data/interwikis (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:data/namespaces (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:debug (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:debug/track (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:fun (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:grc-translit (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:grc-utilities (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:grc-utilities/data (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:italics (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages/data/3/g (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages/data/3/u (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages/data/patterns (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:languages/doSubstitutions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:links/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:links/templates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:number utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:parameters/remove holes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:parse utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:quote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:require when needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:script utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:script utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts/charToScript (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts/data (view source) (autopatroller protected)
Module:scripts/recognition data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string/char (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string/encode entities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:table (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:yesno (view source) (template editor protected)

Return to Appendix:Suffixes -ome and -omics.

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Suffixes_-ome_and_-omics"

View source for Appendix:Suffixes -ome and -omics

Navigation menu

Search