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{{also|Appendix:Variations of "ly"}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/li/}}
** {{audio|en|en-us--ly.ogg|a=US}}
** {{IPA|en|[liː]|a=UK}}
*** {{IPA|en|[lɪ]|a=RP}}
** {{IPA|en|[li]|a=US}}
** {{IPA|en|[ɫiː]|a=NZ}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymid|en|adjectival}}
{{root|en|ine-pro|*leyg-|id=like}}
From {{inh|en|enm|-ly}}, {{m|enm|-li}}, {{m|enm|-lik}}, {{m|enm|-lich}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-līċ}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-līk}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-līkaz||having the body or form of}}, from {{m|gem-pro|*līką||body}} (whence {{m|en|lich}}). In form, probably influenced by {{cog|non|-ligr|t=-ly}} (Norwegian Bokmål -lig, Faroese -ligur, Icelandic -legur). Cognate with {{cog|nl|-lijk}}, {{cog|de|-lich}}, {{cog|da|-lig}} and {{cog|sv|-lig}}. {{doublet|en|-like}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes}}

# {{ng|Used to form [[adjective]]s from [[noun]]s, the adjectives having the sense of "[[behaving]] [[like]], or having a [[nature]] [[typical]] of what is denoted by the noun"  Similar in meaning to [[-like]] but most often paired with animate nouns.}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|man|manly}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|friend|friendly}}
# {{ng|Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "[[appearing]] [[like]], [[resembling]], or having the [[likeness]] of what is denoted by the noun".}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|bloom|bloomly}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|priest|priestly}}
# {{ng|Used to form adjectives from nouns specifying time intervals, the adjectives having the sense of "[[occurring]] at such [[interval]]s".}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|month|monthly}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|day|daily}}

=====Synonyms=====
* {{l|en|-ish}}
* {{l|en|-like}}
* {{l|en|-y}}
* {{gloss|suggesting degree}} {{l|en|-ous}}
* {{gloss|suggesting degree}} {{l|en|-some}}
* {{gloss|likeness or resemblance}} {{l|en|-oid}}, {{l|en|quasi-}}, {{l|en|para-}}, {{l|en|-form}}/{{l|en|-iform}}, {{l|en|-esque}}, {{l|en|-some}}, {{lb|en|restricted to casual registers}} {{l|en|-ass|id=resembling}}, {{qualifier|forms adjectives from nouns only}} {{l|en|-like}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{rel-top|typical of a noun}}
* {{l|en|beastly}}
* {{l|en|friendly}}
* {{l|en|manly}}
* {{l|en|niggardly}}
{{rel-bottom}}

{{rel-top|resembling a noun}}
* {{l|en|bloomly}}
* {{l|en|priestly}}
{{rel-bottom}}

{{rel-top|occurring at intervals}}
* {{l|en|bimonthly}}
* {{l|en|biweekly}}
* {{l|en|daily}}
* {{l|en|fortnightly}}
* {{l|en|hourly}}
* {{l|en|monthly}}
* {{l|en|weekly}}
* {{l|en|yearly}}
{{rel-bottom}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|forming adjectives from nouns, in the sense "similar to, like, characteristic of"}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|地|tr=di}}; {{qualifier|somewhat similar}} {{t+|cmn|的|tr=de}}
* Danish: {{t|da|-lig}}, {{t|da|-agtig}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-achtig}}, {{t+|nl|-lijk}}, {{t+|nl|-ig}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-a}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|-ligur}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-mainen}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-ment}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-oso|m}}, {{t+|gl|-mente}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|-ური}}, {{t|ka|-ული}}
* German: {{t+|de|-lich}}, {{t+|de|-ig}}, {{t+|de|-isch}}, {{t+|de|-haft}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-s}}/{{t+|hu|-os}}/{{t+|hu|-as}}/{{t+|hu|-es}}/{{t+|hu|-ös}}, {{t+|hu|-i}}, {{t|hu|-ias}}/{{t|hu|-ies}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|-legur}}
* Ido: {{t|io|-atra}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-ane}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-ly}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|-līċ}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|مآبانه|tr=-me-âbâne}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-oso}}, {{t+|pt|-ento}}, {{t+|pt|-mente}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|-ский}} {{qualifier|adjective, phonetic changes and additions occur}}, {{t|ru|-ски}} {{qualifier|adverb}}
* Serbo-Croatian: {{t|sh|-ně}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-oso}}, {{t+|es|-mente|n}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-aktig}}, {{t+|sv|-artad}}, {{t+|sv|-lig}}, {{t+|sv|-isk}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-ca}}, {{t+|tr|-ça}}, {{t+|tr|-ce}}, {{t+|tr|-çe}}, {{t|tr|-cıl}}, {{t|tr|-çıl}}, {{t|tr|-cil}}, {{t|tr|-çil}}
* Urdu: {{t|ur|-ی}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|-us}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|forming adjectives from nouns, in the sense "occurring at such intervals"}}
* Danish: {{t|da|-lig}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-lijks}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|[[-ttain|-ttai]][[-inen|nen]]}} {{qualifier|combination of two suffixes for adjectives; only the first suffix for adverbs}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-i}}, {{t|hu|[[-nként]][[-i|i]]}}/{{t|hu|[[-onként]][[-i|i]]}}/{{t|hu|[[-anként]][[-i|i]]}}/{{t|hu|[[-enként]][[-i|i]]}}/{{t|hu|[[-önként]][[-i|i]]}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-ane}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-lig}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-lik}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymid|en|adverbial}}
{{root|en|ine-pro|*leyg-|id=like}}
From {{inh|en|enm|-ly}}, {{m|enm|-li}}, {{m|enm|-liche}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-līċe}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=adverb-forming suffixes|id=adverb}}

# {{senseid|en|adverb}} {{ng|Used to form [[adverb]]s from [[adjective]]s and [[noun]]s.}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|sudden|suddenly}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|eerie|eerily}}
#: {{suffixusex|en|year|yearly}}

=====Usage notes=====
In prescriptive usage, derived adverbs in ''-ly'' are often preferred to those which are identical in form to the base adjective (e.g., {{m|en|badly}} instead of {{m|en|bad}}), despite the fact that the latter have been in continuous use since the earliest stages of the language and represent the norm in languages closely related to English, such as Dutch and German. This is the cause of hypercorrections such as ''I feel badly'' (where {{m|en|feel}} actually represents a [[copular verb]], which traditionally requires an adjectival complement rather than an adverb).

Various sound changes and spelling changes occur for ''-ly'':
* If an adjective ends with a consonant followed by ''y'', it changes into ''i'' before adding the suffix (e.g. {{m|en|ready}} > {{m|en|readily}}, {{m|en|easy}} > {{m|en|easily}}).
* If an adjective ends with ''ll'', one ''l'' drops out to avoid a triple letter (e.g. {{m|en|full}} > {{m|en|fully}}, {{m|en|shrill}} > {{m|en|shrilly}}).
* If an adjective ends with a syllabic {{IPAchar|/l̩/}} (spelled ''-le'' after a consonant), euphony causes the ''-le'' to drop out. Examples include {{m|en|-ably}} and {{m|en|-ibly}}, but also {{m|en|noble}} > {{m|en|nobly}}, {{m|en|ample}} > {{m|en|amply}}, and {{m|en|idle}} > {{m|en|idly}}, among others.
* Adjectives ending in ''-ic'' generally take {{m|en|-ally}} ({{m|en|public}} > {{m|en|publicly}} being an exception).

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|-ally}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|used to form adverbs from adjectives}}
* Ainu: {{t|ain|no}}
* Aragonese: {{t|an|-mén}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|-բար}}, {{t|hy|-որեն}}
* Asturian: {{t|ast|-mente}}
* Basque: {{t|eu|-eki}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-ment}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{qualifier|similar function, but used in different ways}} {{t+|cmn|地|tr=de}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|-ě}}
* Danish: {{t|da|-t}} {{q|or, with some adjectives, no suffix at all}}
* Dutch: {{q|the adverb is usually the same as the adjective: no change in form}}, {{t+|nl|-erwijs}}, {{t+|nl|-lijk}}, {{t+|nl|-jes}}, {{t+|nl|genoeg}} {{qualifier|following the adjective}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-e}}
* Estonian: {{t|et|-lt}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|-liga}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-sti}} {{q|manner}}, {{t+|fi|-n}} {{q|extent: the genitive form of the adjective}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-ment}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-mente}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|-ად}}, {{t|ka|-დ}}, {{t|ka|-ურად}}, {{t|ka|-ულად}}
* German: {{qualifier|normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives}}; {{t|de|-erweise}} {{qualifier|forms adverbs that modify phrases or sentences}}, {{t+|de|-lich}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-α}}, {{t+|el|-ως}} {{qualifier|each replacing the final syllable of the adjective}}<!--unlike a suffix, which is appended-->
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|ב־|tr=be-/bi-|alt=ב-}} {{qualifier|adverbs are formed from nouns, rather than adjectives}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-an}}/{{t+|hu|-en}}, {{t+|hu|-lag}}/{{t+|hu|-leg}}, {{t+|hu|-l}}/{{t+|hu|-ul}}/{{t+|hu|-ül}}
* Icelandic: {{t|is|-lega}}
* Ido: {{t|io|-e}}
* Igbo: {{t+|ig|na}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|-mente}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|く|tr=-ku|alt=...く|sc=Jpan}} {{qualifier|{{l|ja|い}}-adjectives drop {{l|ja|い}}, add {{l|ja|く}}}}, {{t+|ja|に|tr=-ni|alt=...に|sc=Jpan}} {{qualifier|{{l|ja|な}}-adjectives drop {{l|ja|な}}, add {{l|ja|に}}}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-ē}}, {{t|la|-iter}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|-i}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|-i}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|-о}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|-ly}}
* Mongolian: {{t|mn|-хан}}
* Navajo: {{t|nv|-go}}
* Neapolitan: {{t|nap|-mente}}
* Norman: {{t|nrf|-ment}}
* Norwegian:
*: Norwegian Bokmål: {{qualifier|normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives}}
*: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{qualifier|normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|-ment}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|-e}}, {{t|ang|-līċe}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـانه|tr=-âne}}; {{t|fa|ـیها|tr=-ihâ}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-o}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-mente}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|-о}}, {{t+|ru|-е}}, {{t|ru|по-...-ски}} {{qualifier|forming adverbs from -ский adjectives}}, {{t|ru|-ски}}
* Sanskrit: {{t-needed|sa}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-mente}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-t}}
* Turkish: {{t|tr|bir şekilde}}, {{t+|tr|-ce}}, {{t+|tr|-ca}}, {{t+|tr|-çe}}, {{t+|tr|-ça}}
* Walloon: {{t+|wa|-mint}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===See also===
{{suffixsee|en}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ly|-yl|YL}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
{{root|enm|ine-pro|*leyg-|id=like}}
{{dercat|enm|gmw-pro|gem-pro|inh=2}}
From {{inh|enm|ang|-līċ}}. Related to {{m|enm|lich}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|-lich|-liche|-lyche|-lych|-li|-lie|-lye|-like|-lik|-lyke|-lyk|-le|-lei|-lice|-lic|-liȝ|-lece|-luch}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/-liː/|/-liːt͡ʃ/|/-lit͡ʃ/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix|comparative|-lyere|superlative|-lyest}}

# {{senseid|enm|adjectival}} Used to form [[adjective]]s from [[noun]]s, the adjectives having the sense of "like or characteristic of what is denoted by the noun".
# Appended to adjectives in order to render meaning of the adjective either more intense or more approximate.
#: E.g. {{l|enm|ded||no longer alive}}, {{l|enm|dedly||causing, resembling or subject to death}}; {{l|enm|schort||not long}}, {{l|enm|shortly||momentary; very brief}}

=====Usage notes=====
* ''-ly'' is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as ''-lich(e)''.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm|head=-ly (adjectival)}}
{{rel-top5|Derived terms}}
* {{l|enm|aerly}}
* {{l|enm|armlich}}
* {{l|enm|bigly}}
* {{l|enm|bodily}}
* {{l|enm|craftly}}
* {{l|enm|evenly}}
* {{l|enm|fayrely}}
* {{l|enm|frely}}
* {{l|enm|freschely}}
* {{l|enm|gladly}}
* {{l|enm|greefly}}
* {{l|enm|graythely}}
* {{l|enm|gromelich}}
* {{l|enm|groundly}}
* {{l|enm|hedly}}
* {{l|enm|heighly}}
* {{l|enm|hertely}}
* {{l|enm|idafenlic}}
* {{l|enm|kyndely}}
* {{l|enm|lefly}}
* {{l|enm|maydenly}}
* {{l|enm|orgonly}}
* {{l|enm|throly}}
* {{l|enm|yerly}}
{{rel-bottom}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-ly}}
* {{desc|sco|-lie}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry= -lī|pos=suf.(1)|id=MED25367|accessdate=7 April 2018}}

===Etymology 2===
{{root|enm|ine-pro|*leyg-|id=like}}
From {{inh|enm|ang|-līċe}}, itself a combination of the adjective-forming suffix {{m|ang|-līċ}} (see etymology 1 above) and the adverbial suffix {{m|ang|-e}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|-lich|-liche|-lyche|-lych|-li|-lie|-lye|-like|-lik|-licke|-lyke|-lyk|-lycke|-leche|-le|-lei|-loche|-lice|-liȝ|-luche}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/-liː/|/-liːt͡ʃ(ə)/|/-lit͡ʃ(ə)/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix|comparative|-lyere|superlative|-lyest}}

# {{senseid|enm|adverbial}} Used to form [[adverb]]s from adjectives, and nouns; the adverbs having the sense of "in the manner of what is denoted by the adjective/noun".
# Optionally appended to adverbs without suffixes with no change to the meaning.

=====Usage notes=====
* As with its adjectival equivalent, ''-ly'' is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as ''-lich(e)''.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm|head=-ly (adverbial)}}
{{rel-top5|Derived terms}}
* {{l|enm|atterluche}}
* {{l|enm|bigly}}
* {{l|enm|bodily}}
* {{l|enm|boldely}}
* {{l|enm|craftily}}
* {{l|enm|diȝelliche}}
* {{l|enm|eadiliche}}
* {{l|enm|evenly}}
* {{l|enm|fakenliche}}
* {{l|enm|fayrely}}
* {{l|enm|frely}}
* {{l|enm|freschely}}
* {{l|enm|gidiliche}}
* {{l|enm|gladly}}
* {{l|enm|greefly}}
* {{l|enm|graythely}}
* {{l|enm|gromelich}}
* {{l|enm|groundly}}
* {{l|enm|ȝewislice}}
* {{l|enm|hagherlych}}
* {{l|enm|hedly}}
* {{l|enm|heighly}}
* {{l|enm|hertely}}
* {{l|enm|justislich}}
* {{l|enm|kyndely}}
* {{l|enm|throly}}
* {{l|enm|werkmanly}}
* {{l|enm|wisly}}
* {{l|enm|yerly}}
{{rel-bottom}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-ly}}
* {{desc|sco|-lie}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry= -lī|pos=suf.(2)|id=MED25368|accessdate=7 April 2018}}

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