Nangarhar Province

Nangarhar Province ننگرهار
Province
Street in Jalalabad city
Map of Afghanistan with Nangarhar highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 34°15′N 70°30′E / 34.25°N 70.50°E / 34.25; 70.50
Country	Afghanistan
Capital	Jalalabad
Government
• Governor	Hajji Gul Mohammad[1]
• Deputy Governor	Maulvi Niaz Mohammad Wahaj[2]
• Police Chief	Neda Mohammad
Area
• Total	7,727 km2 (2,983 sq mi)
Population  (2021)[3]
• Total	1,735,531
• Density	220/km2 (580/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
Postal code	26XX
ISO 3166 code	AF-NAN
Main languages	Pashto, Dari

Nangarhār (Pashto: ننګرهار; Dari: ننگرهار), also called Nangrahar or Ningrahar, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country and bordering Logar, Kabul, Laghman and Kunar provinces as well as having an international border with Pakistan. It is divided into 22 districts and has a population of about 1,735,531,^[3] the third highest of the country's 34 provinces. The city of Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province. Nangarhar province is famous for its fish and karahi dishes.^[4]

Henry George Raverty theorized that the word Nangarhar is derived from the Pashto term nang-nahlr ("nine streams"), which appears in some Persian chronicles. The term supposedly refers to nine streams originating from Safed Koh. However, according to S. H. Hodivala, the name of the province derives from the Sanskrit term Nagarahara, which appears in a 9th-century inscription discovered at Ghosrawa in present-day Bihar, India.^[5] Nà-jiā-luó-ā, the Chinese transcription of Nagarahara, appears in the annals of the Song dynasty of China. Henry Walter Bellew derived the name from the Sanskrit nava-vihara, meaning "nine viharas".^[6]

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Ancient Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC Gandhara kingdom 1500–535 BC Median Empire 728–550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC Maurya Empire 305–180 BC Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD Sasanian Empire 230–651 Kidarite kingdom 320–465 Rob Alchon Huns 380–560 Hephthalite Empire 410–557 Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval Kabul Shahi 565–879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652–661 Tang China 660–669 Tibetan Empire 660–842 Umayyads 661–750 Zunbils 680–870 Lawik 750-977 Abbasids 750–821 Tahirids 821–873 Saffarids 863–900 Samanids 875–999 Ghaznavids 963–1187 Ghurids before 879–1215 Seljuks 1037–1194 Khwarezmids 1215–1231 Mongol Invasion 1219–1226 Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245 Qarlughids 1224–1266 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Kartids 1245–1381 Timurids 1370–1507 Arghuns 1520–1591
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The province was originally part of the Achaemenid Empire, in the Gandhara satrapy (province). The people in the area were originally Hindus and Buddhists. The Nangarhar province territory and the Eastern Iranian peoples there fell to the Maurya Empire, which was led by Chandragupta Maurya. Seleucus is said to have reached a peace treaty with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.

Song Yun, a Chinese monk who visited Nangarhar in 520 AD, claimed that the people in the area were Buddhists. Yun came across a vihara (monastery) in Nangarhar (Na-lka-lo-hu) containing the skull of Buddha, and another of Kekalam (probably Mihtarlam in Laghman province) where 13 pieces of the cloak of Buddha and his 18 feet long mast were preserved. In the city of Naki, a tooth and hair of Buddha were preserved and in the Kupala cave Buddha's shadow reflected close to which he saw a stone tablet which was at that time considered to be related to Buddha (probably the stone tablet of Ashoka in Darūntah).^[7]

The region fell to the Ghaznavids after defeating Jayapala in the late 10th century.^[8][9][10] It later fell to the Ghorids followed by the Khaljis, Lodhis and the Moghuals, until finally becoming part of Ahmad Shah Durrani's Afghan Empire in 1747.

During the First Anglo-Afghan War, the invading British-led Indian forces were defeated on their way to Rawalpindi in 1842. British-led Indian forces returned in 1878 but retreated a couple of years later. Some fighting took place during the 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War between the Afghan army that were led by King Amanullah Khan and British-Indians near the Durand Line border areas.

The province remained relatively calm until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. Nangarhar was used by pro-Pakistani mujahideen (rebel forces) fighting against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The Pakistani-trained mujahideen received funding from the United States and Saudi Arabia. Many Arab fighters from the Arab World had been fighting against the government forces of Mohammad Najibullah, who ultimately defeated them near Jalalabad. In April 1992, Najibullah resigned as President and the various mujahideen took control over the country. When the 1992 Peshawar Accord failed, the mujahideen turned guns on each other and started a nationwide civil war. This was followed by the Taliban take-over in 1996 and the establishment of al-Qaeda training camps in Nangarhar province.^{[citation needed]}

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Osama bin Laden held a strong position in Nangarhar during the late 1990s. He led a fight against US-led forces in the 2001 Tora Bora campaign. He ultimately escaped to Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he was killed in a night raid by members of SEAL Team Six in 2011.

After the removal of the Taliban government and the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, U.S.-led Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually established authority across the province. Despite this, Taliban insurgents continue to stage attacks against Afghan government forces. The Haqqani Network and militants loyal to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (ISIL-KP) are often blamed for the attacks, which sometimes include major suicide bombings. Several incursions by Pakistani military forces have also been reported in the districts next to the Durand Line border. The focus of the conflict is on the Kabul and Kunar rivers, which run through Nangarhar.

On 13 April 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump ordered a targeted strike on ISIL-KP by use of the second largest non-nuclear bomb in the U.S. arsenal at the time. The bomb was a 21,000 lb. weapon called the Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb; nicknamed the "Mother Of All Bombs" (MOAB). The intended target was ISIL militants hiding inside tunnels, most of whom came "from Bangladesh, Russia, India and other countries."^[11] It was the first time the MOAB had been used in combat.

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 43% in 2005 to 8% in 2011.^[12] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 22% in 2005 to 60% in 2011.^[12]

Nangarhar University is located in the provincial capital, Jalalabad. It is government-funded and provides higher education to nearly 6,000 students from the region.

A number of schools operate in the province, providing basic education to both boys and girls. The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 29% in 2005 to 31% in 2011.^[12] The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 39% in 2005 to 51% in 2011.^[12]

The Jalalabad plain is one of the principal agricultural areas of Afghanistan. The strong agricultural base, coupled with the crucial trade route connecting Kabul with Peshawar, makes Nangarhar one of the more economically diverse and functional provinces of Afghanistan. Torkham is one of the major border crossings between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is the busiest port of entry between the two countries, serving as a major economical hub for the province.

Nangarhar is famous in Afghanistan for producing lemons, oranges, olives, peanuts and dates.^{[13][14][15][16]} Many other fruits and vegetables are also grown. It was once a major center of opium poppy production in the country.

The Jalalabad Airport is located next to the city of Jalalabad. It serves the populations of Nangarhar, Kunar, Nuristan, and other nearby provinces.

The Kabul–Jalalabad Road runs throughout the province, linking Kabul with Jalalabad and extending east through Khyber Pass to Peshawar. It is one of the busiest major roads in Afghanistan.

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As of 2021, the population of the province is around 1,735,531.^[3] Over 90% of the population is Pashtun and the remaining is made up of Pashais, Tajiks, Arabs, and other ethnic groups.^[17] The 18th edition Ethnologue states on p. 48 that Nangarhar is the center of the (smaller) Northern Pashto language in Afghanistan. Only one in five Afghan Pashtuns use the Northern variety.

Nangarhar is divided into 22 districts. They are as follows:

Districts of Nangarhar Province

District	Capital	Population[3]	Area[18]	Pop. density	Notes
Jalalabad	Jalalabad	271,867	122	2,228	85% Pashtun, 9% Tajik, 6% Pashai and other.[19]
Haska Meyna/Deh Bala	Haska Meyna	45,570	337	135	100% Pashtun.[20]
Shinwar	Shinwar	67,758	133	508	100% Pashtun.[21]
Achin	Achin	113,328	466	243	100% Pashtun.[22] Includes the Spin Ghar District.
Bihsud	Bishud	128,474	265	485	95% Pashtun (55% Pashtun tribes, 40% Pashtunized Arab), 5% Tajik.[23] Used to belong to Jalalabad District.
Chaparhar	Chaparhar	68,156	277	246	100% Pashtun.[24]
Darai Nur	Darai Nur	45,571	253	180	99% Pashai, 1% Pashtun.[25]
Bati Kot	Bati Kot	85,562	195	438	100% Pashtun.[26]
Dur Baba	Dur Baba	26,306	302	87	100% Pashtun.[27]
Goshta	Goshta	30,823	523	59	100% Pashtun.[28]
Hisarak	Hisarak	34,809	620	56	100% Pashtun.[29]
Kama	Kama	86,890	229	380	97% Pashtun, 1% Tajik, 2% other.[30]
Khogyani	Kaga	147,745	789	187	100% Pashtun.[31]
Kot	Kot	58,857	188	313	99% Pashtun, 1% Tajik.[32] Created in 2005 within Rodat District
Kuz Kunar	Kuz Kunar	62,178	298	209	75% Pashtun, 25% Pashai and others.[33]
Lal Pur	Lal Pur	23,117	475	49	100% Pashtun.[34]
Momand Dara	Momand Dara	50,752	240	211	100% Pashtun.[35]
Nazyan	Nayzan	16,607	188	88	100% Pashtun.[36]
Pachir Aw Agam		48,095	516	93	100% Pashtun.[37]
Rodat		78,121	272	287	100% Pashtun.[38] Sub-divided in 2005
Sherzad		74,932	480	156	100% Pashtun.[39]
Surkh Rod		136,180	312	437	88% Pashtun, 5% Tajik, 7% Pashai, Hindu and others.[40]
Nangarhar		1,701,698	7,641	223	92.5% Pashtuns (89.5% Pashtun tribes, 3.0% Pashtunized Arabs), 4.8% Pashayi, 2.3% Hazaras, 0.3% Hindus, 0.1 Tajiks.[note 1]

The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. Jalalabad is considered the capital of Afghan cricket with many of the national players coming from the surrounding areas. National team members Hamid Hasan and Rashid Khan were born in the province.

De Spinghar Bazan is a regional team in the Roshan Afghan Premier League based in Jalalabad. Jalalabad Regional Football Tournament were four local team plays like Malang Jan, Shaheed Qasim, Afghan Refugees and Laghman for to find raw talent in Afghan Premier League.^[41] Wrestling in Jalalabad was modernized by Davud Sulaymankhil, a Pashtun orator and athlete. Now, several wrestling teams (most notably the Suleim Wrestling Team founded by Davud Sulaymanhil) represent the province in national events.

• Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium is the first international standard cricket stadium in Afghanistan. It is located in the Ghazi Amanullah Town about 15 kilometres south-east of Jalalabad.^[42]
• Sirajul Emarah Football Stadium in Jalalabad^{[citation needed]}

• Qais Ahmad - Afghan cricketer
• Muqadasa Ahmadzai - social and political activist
• Aftab Alam - Afghan cricketer
• Hamid Hassan - Afghan cricketer
• Rashid Khan - Afghan cricketer and winner of ICC Mens T20 Cricketer of Decade
• Mohammad Musa Shafiq - former Prime Minister of Afghanistan
• Mohammad Shahzad - Afghan cricketer
• Samiullah Shinwari - Afghan cricketer

• Eastern Province, Afghanistan
• Provinces of Afghanistan

• On the Road - Nangarhar Province Season 1 on YouTube, 7 February 2012, TOLO/USAIDAfghanistan
• On the Road - Nangarhar Province Season 1 Episode 2 on YouTube, 22 February 2012, TOLO/USAIDAfghanistan (in Pashto)
• Nangarhar Province by the Naval Postgraduate School
• Nangarhar Province by the Institute for the Study of War
• Nangahar Aerial pictures