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10 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Spectrum and Perspective in Bilateral Acute Retinal Necrosis: Systematic Review

by Valeria Albano, Mariantonietta Di Brina, Maria Grazia Pignataro, Giacomo Scotti, Camilla Di Pardo, Giovanni Petruzzella, Antonio Salvelli, Rosanna Dammacco, Silvana Guerriero and Giovanni Alessio

Medicina 2024, 60(11), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60111735 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Bilateral acute retinal necrosis (BARN) represents a broad ophthalmological field of severe retinal pathologies associated with poor visual prognosis and blindness. The purpose of this review is to examine the clinical spectrum in detail over the past few years, exploring laboratory and instrumental [...] Read more.

Bilateral acute retinal necrosis (BARN) represents a broad ophthalmological field of severe retinal pathologies associated with poor visual prognosis and blindness. The purpose of this review is to examine the clinical spectrum in detail over the past few years, exploring laboratory and instrumental diagnosis, and providing useful and up-to-date guidance in this field. A systematic review of this field has been performed through the PRISMA guidelines, searching in the PUBMED database. Serological laboratory tests on blood or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on aqueous humor or vitreous samples are crucial to identifying the underlying cause and choosing the timeliest strategic treatments. Often, the main cause remains herpesviruses, with Varicella zoster (VZV) predominating over the others. There are also other causes that one needs to be carefully aware of. Anatomical and functional recovery is unfavorable if they are not individuated in a quick time. Early diagnosis and timely treatment offer a better chance of visual improvement and the avoidance of complications. Complications worsen the visual prognosis over months and may require a surgical approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Profile and Treatment Response of Patients with Ocular Inflammation)

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17 pages, 3728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Illumina Sequencing in Conjunction with Propidium Monoazide to Identify Live Bacteria After Antiseptic Treatment in a Complex Oral Biofilm: A Study Using an Ex Vivo Supragingival Biofilm Model

by María C. Sánchez, Paola Hernández, Ángela Velapatiño, Eber Cuba, María J. Ciudad and Luis Collado

Antibiotics 2024, 13(11), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111000 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial treatments in complex oral ecosystems is limited by the inability to differentiate live from dead bacteria using omic techniques. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the ability of the combination of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial treatments in complex oral ecosystems is limited by the inability to differentiate live from dead bacteria using omic techniques. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the ability of the combination of the 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing methodology and the action of propidium monoazide (PMA) to study viable bacterial profiles in oral biofilms after exposure to an antiseptic compound. Methods: Cariogenic supragingival biofilms were developed in an ex vivo model for 96 h, using saliva from healthy volunteers. The biofilms were treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) combined with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), for 60 s, using phosphate buffered saline as a control. After exposure, each biofilm was treated or not with PMA to then extract the bacterial DNA, quantify it by Qubit, quantify the bacterial population using qPCR, and perform the metataxonomic study of the samples using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: A significantly lower DNA concentration in the PMA-treated biofilms (p < 0.05 compared with those not exposed to PMA) was observed. The viable bacterial count obtained by qPCR differed significantly from the total bacterial count in the biofilm samples exposed to the antiseptic (p < 0.05). The viable microbiome differed significantly from the total bacterial profile of the samples treated with CHX/CPC after exposure to PMA (p < 0.05 at the α- and β-diversity levels). Conclusions: The combination of Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and PMA helps solve the inability to evaluate the efficacy of antibacterial treatments in the bacterial profile of complex ecosystems such as oral biofilms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Strategies against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria and Biofilm, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 8519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated Wound Healing of Tetrahedral-Framework Nucleic Acid Nanozymes with High Penetration and Antioxidant Capacity

by Shiyu Lin, Qian Liu, Yu Xie and Qi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211693 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

The wound repair process usually leads to a non-functioning mass of fibrotic tissue because of the oxidative imbalance of deep tissue layers. However, how to improve the penetration of active ingredients into deeper layers and regulate oxidative imbalances to create a regenerative microenvironment [...] Read more.

The wound repair process usually leads to a non-functioning mass of fibrotic tissue because of the oxidative imbalance of deep tissue layers. However, how to improve the penetration of active ingredients into deeper layers and regulate oxidative imbalances to create a regenerative microenvironment still remains a challenge. In this study, we designed a novel tetrahedral-framework nucleic acid (tFNA) nanozyme that could penetrate the skin/mucosa barrier as deep as 450 μm within 24 h. We also demonstrated the protective role of tFNAs on the mitochondrial structural and functional integrity and inhibition of reactive oxygen species production to repair oxidative imbalances through ERK1/2-Nrf2-HO-1 during repair processes. It was found that the proliferative state and the migration ability of postburn cells in vitro were accelerated, and the early closure of wounds in vivo was significantly promoted. This study therefore provides a promising strategy to efficiently regulate the oxidative imbalances in the deep layers of the skin during wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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17 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of the Influence of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Originated from the Power Infrastructure on Humans’ Health

by Leszek Sławomir Litzbarski, Marek Olesz, Grzegorz Redlarski, Piotr Mateusz Tojza, Arkadiusz Żak, Emanuel Gifuni, Zuzanna Cieślikowska and Mieszko Czapliński

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219668 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF EMFs) generated by power infrastructure on the nearby environment. Measurements of electric (E) and magnetic (H) field intensities were conducted around high-voltage power lines, [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF EMFs) generated by power infrastructure on the nearby environment. Measurements of electric (E) and magnetic (H) field intensities were conducted around high-voltage power lines, transformer stations and facilities related to them. Numerical simulations were also performed to model the distribution of the field values around real buildings in close proximity to power delivery systems. Given the ongoing scientific debate regarding the effects of EMFs on living organisms, the current analysis was based on the existing standards—particularly ICNIRP 2010 guidelines, which set the maximum allowable E and magnetic induction (B) values at 5 kV/m and 200 μT, respectively. Stricter national regulations were also examined, such as Poland’s 1 kV/m E limit in residential areas and Belgium’s 10 μT limit for B. The results showed that while most cases complied with ICNIRP 2010 standards, certain stricter local regulations were exceeded. Specifically, 9 of 14 cases exceeded Poland’s E limits, and 8 failed to meet Belgium’s B requirements. Only in one place—a warehouse near 110 kV power lines (in a critical case)—the ICNIRP limit B was exceeded. These findings underscore the variability in regulatory standards and highlight the need for localized assessments of EMF exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper Collection in the Section ‘Energy Science and Technology’)

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12 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smartphone App-Based Remote Monitoring Challenges in Patients with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Defibrillators—A Multicenter Study

by Dagmar Kowal, Marek Prech, Agnieszka Katarzyńska-Szymańska, Artur Baszko, Grzegorz Skonieczny, Elżbieta Wabich, Maciej Kempa, Błażej Rubiś and Przemysław Mitkowski

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216323 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Remote monitoring (RM) cardiac implantable electronic devices for adults delivers improved patient outcomes. However, previously used bedside transmitters are not optimal due to deficient patient adherence. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of RM regarding the connectivity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Remote monitoring (RM) cardiac implantable electronic devices for adults delivers improved patient outcomes. However, previously used bedside transmitters are not optimal due to deficient patient adherence. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of RM regarding the connectivity of smartphone app-based solutions, adherence to scheduled automatic follow-ups, and prevalence of alert-based events. Methods: We evaluated the adult heart failure (HF) population with an implanted cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) divided into two arms: with app-based RM (abRM) and without app-based RM (control). Results: A total of 81 patients (median age of 69.0) were included in our study. Sixty-five patients received a CRT-D with abRM functionality, and sixteen did not. Twelve patients had no smartphone, and two provided no consent, resulting in their transfer to the control group. Finally, the abRM arm consisted of 51 patients, while 30 patients were in the control group. The median period of follow-up lasted 12 months. Among abRM patients, 98.0% successfully transmitted their first scheduled follow-up, and 80.4% were continuously monitored. Alert-based events were mainly related to arrhythmic events and device functionality with significantly shorter median times to notification (1 day vs. 101 days; p < 0.0001) in the abRM group. Conclusions: Our study showed a high level of compliance with timely initial transmission and adherence to scheduled remote follow-ups. Patient enrollment eligibility was a major challenge due to the limited accessibility of smartphones in the population. App-based RM demonstrated an accurate notification of events and patient-initiated transmissions in emergencies, regardless of location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heart Failure and Its Complications: Advances in Clinical Diagnosis and Management)

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26 pages, 6380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Disruption and Hydrolysis of Microchloropsis salina Biomass as a Feedstock for Fermentation

by Ayşe Koruyucu, Tillmann Peest, Emil Korzin, Lukas Gröninger, Patricia, Thomas Brück and Dirk Weuster-Botz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9667; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219667 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Microalgae are a promising biomass source because of their capability to fixate CO₂ very efficiently. In this study, the potential of Microchloropsis salina biomass as a feedstock for fermentation was explored, focusing on biomass hydrolysis by employing various mechanical and chemical cell [...] Read more.

Microalgae are a promising biomass source because of their capability to fixate CO₂ very efficiently. In this study, the potential of Microchloropsis salina biomass as a feedstock for fermentation was explored, focusing on biomass hydrolysis by employing various mechanical and chemical cell disruption strategies in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the mechanical cell disruption methods investigated on a lab scale, namely ultrasonication, bead milling, and high-pressure homogenization, the most effective was bead milling using stainless-steel beads with a diameter of 2 mm. In this way, 87–97% of the cells were disrupted in 40 min using a mixer mill. High-pressure homogenization was also effective, achieving 86% disruption efficiency after four passes on a 30–200 L scale using biomass with 15% (w/w) solids content. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the disrupted cells using a mixture of cellulases and mannanases yielded up to 25% saccharification efficiency after 72 h. Acidic hydrolysis of undisrupted cells followed by enzymatic treatment yielded around 30% saccharification efficiency but was coupled with significant dilution of the resulting hydrolysate. Microalgal biomass hydrolysate produced was determined to have ~8.1 g L⁻¹ sugars and 2.5% (w/w) total carbon, as well as sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus content as a fermentation medium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioenergy and Bioproducts from Biomass and Waste)

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16 pages, 809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Addition of Mango Peel in Functional Semolina Sourdough Bread Production for Sustainable Bio-Reuse

by María Eugenia Chulibert, Pasquale Roppolo, Carla Buzzanca, Antonio Alfonzo, Enrico Viola, Lino Sciurba, Ilenia Tinebra, Angela D’Amico, Vittorio Farina, Daniela Piazzese, Vita Di Stefano, Marcella Barbera, Raimondo Gaglio and Luca Settanni

Antioxidants 2024, 13(11), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13111278 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Mango, a tropical fruit celebrated for its delightful fragrance and high nutritional value, generates significant waste during processing, with approximately 35–60% of the fruit being discarded. However, this waste contains valuable components, such as fibre, carotenoids, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds. In an [...] Read more.

Mango, a tropical fruit celebrated for its delightful fragrance and high nutritional value, generates significant waste during processing, with approximately 35–60% of the fruit being discarded. However, this waste contains valuable components, such as fibre, carotenoids, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds. In an effort to repurpose mango peel, this study dehydrated it to create mango peel powder (MPP), which was then incorporated into sourdough bread to produce functional breads with enhanced nutritional value. Semolina was replaced with MPP at levels of 5% (MPP-5) and 10% (MPP-10) (w/w). After dehydration, the mango peel had a yield of 22%, and the procedure used did not cause any organoleptic changes. The bread fermentation process was conducted at 30 °C for 8 h. During dough fermentation, the pH was monitored, showing a value of 4.14 ± 0.02 in the MPP-10 dough. Overall, the MPP-10 bread received a higher score (6.51) than the control (CTR) bread (5.6) and the MPP-5 bread (6.11). The total phenolic content of the fortified breads ranged from 44.760 to 98.931 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, and the antiradical activity ranged from 15.213 to 29.461 mmol trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC)/100 g, depending on the percentage of enrichment. Full article

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33 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessReview

Osteoporosis and Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Conservatively or Surgically Managed)

by Ana-Maria Gheorghe, Claudiu Nistor, Aurelian-Emil Ranetti, Adrian Ciuche, Mihai-Lucian Ciobica, Mihaela Stanciu, Denisa Tanasescu, Florina Ligia Popa and Mara Carsote

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216325 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) involves 80–90% of the parathyroid tumor-associated cases of PHPT in the modern medical era, while normocalcemic PHPT (NPHPT) has a prevalence of 0.1–11%. We aimed to analyze the bone status and mineral metabolism in NPHPT amid conservative or surgical [...] Read more.

Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) involves 80–90% of the parathyroid tumor-associated cases of PHPT in the modern medical era, while normocalcemic PHPT (NPHPT) has a prevalence of 0.1–11%. We aimed to analyze the bone status and mineral metabolism in NPHPT amid conservative or surgical management. In this narrative review, we searched PubMed (between January 2020 and July 2024) via different keywords. Fourteen studies from the final analysis (388 patients with NPHPT; 1188 with PHPT; and 803 controls) showed that mean serum calcium levels varied between 2.57 and 2.26 mmol/L in NPHPT. Ten studies identified a similar 24 h urinary calcium in NPHPT versus hypercalcemic PHPT (HPHPT). Except for one study, a mandatory vitamin D analysis was performed, but the 25-hydroxyvitamin D cut-offs varied. Osteoporosis (n = 6 studies; N = 172 with NPHPT) was confirmed in 41.7–100% of NPHPT subjects. In surgery candidates, this rate might be overestimated. A DXA analysis was performed in eight studies (235 subjects with NPHPT, and 455 patients with HPHPT); two studies identified a lower BMD in HPHPT < NPHPT, but the results were not homogenous. A single study analyzed the TBS and found similar results in NPHPT. The prevalence of fractures (n = 9) varied between 7.4% and 42.8% in NPHPT. Bone turnover markers (N = 262 patients, n = 8 studies) showed lower bone formation markers in NPHPT versus PHPT (n = 3). Two studies analyzed the BMD and bone turnover markers following parathyroidectomy (161 patients, including 30 patients with NPHPT; mean ages over 60 years). To conclude, given the wide spectrum of complications associated with PHPT, an early diagnosis and proper management is essential. A more extensive screening in patients with osteoporosis and kidney stones might lead to the discovery of NPHPT, a more recently described form of PHPT. While it is still unclear whether NPHPT is an early stage of HPHPT or a separate entity, recent findings show similar osteoporosis and fracture occurrence, and an improvement in bone metabolism, following parathyroidectomy. More extensive prospective studies are crucial to understand the natural course of the disease, to reach a consensus regarding parathyroidectomy indications and surgery candidates’ selection, and to ensure proper personalized management for these patients. With the evolving diagnosis methods, PHPT has become a condition with a changing clinical presentation, which now requires modern evaluation and treatment approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine Malignancies: Current Surgical Therapeutic Approaches)

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19 pages, 6292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular, Histological, and Functional Changes in Acta1-MCM;FLExDUX4/+ Mice

by Solene Sohn, Sophie Reid, Maximilien Bowen, Emilio Corbex, Laura Le Gall, Eva Sidlauskaite, Christophe Hourde, Baptiste Morel, Virginie Mariot and Julie Dumonceaux

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11377; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111377 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

DUX4 is the major gene responsible for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). Several mouse models expressing DUX4 have been developed, the most commonly used by academic laboratories being ACTA1-MCM/FLExDUX4. In this study, molecular and histological modifications in the tibialis anterior and quadriceps muscles were investigated [...] Read more.

DUX4 is the major gene responsible for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). Several mouse models expressing DUX4 have been developed, the most commonly used by academic laboratories being ACTA1-MCM/FLExDUX4. In this study, molecular and histological modifications in the tibialis anterior and quadriceps muscles were investigated in this model at different time points. We investigated several changes that could be used as markers of therapeutic efficacy. Our results confirm the progressive muscular dystrophy previously described but also highlight biases associated with tamoxifen injections and the complexity of choosing the genes used to calculate a DUX4-pathway gene composite score. We also developed a comprehensive force test that better reflects the movements made in everyday life. This functional force–velocity–endurance model, which describes the force production capacities at all velocity and fatigue levels, was applied on 12–13-week-old animals without tamoxifen. Our data highlight that previously unsuspected muscle properties are also affected by the expression of DUX4, leading to a weaker muscle with a lower initial muscle force but with preserved power and endurance capacity. Importantly, this force–velocity–endurance approach can be used in humans for clinical evaluations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unlocking the Future of Muscle Disease Treatment: Advancements in Gene Therapy, Antisense Therapeutics and Cutting-Edge Pharmacological Strategies)

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31 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hybridization of Learning Techniques and Quantum Mechanism for IIoT Security: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects

by Ismaeel Abiodun Sikiru, Ahmed Dooguy Kora, Eugène C. Ezin, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize and Chun-Ta Li

Electronics 2024, 13(21), 4153; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214153 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

This article describes our point of view regarding the security capabilities of classical learning algorithms (CLAs) and quantum mechanisms (QM) in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosystem. The heterogeneity of the IIoT ecosystem and the inevitability of the security paradigm necessitate a [...] Read more.

This article describes our point of view regarding the security capabilities of classical learning algorithms (CLAs) and quantum mechanisms (QM) in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosystem. The heterogeneity of the IIoT ecosystem and the inevitability of the security paradigm necessitate a systematic review of the contributions of the research community toward IIoT security (IIoTsec). Thus, we obtained relevant contributions from five digital repositories between the period of 2015 and 2024 inclusively, in line with the established systematic literature review procedure. In the main part, we analyze a variety of security loopholes in the IIoT and categorize them into two categories—architectural design and multifaceted connectivity. Then, we discuss security-deploying technologies, CLAs, blockchain, and QM, owing to their contributions to IIoTsec and the security challenges of the main loopholes. We also describe how quantum-inclined attacks are computationally challenging to CLAs, for which QM is very promising. In addition, we present available IIoT-centric datasets and encourage researchers in the IIoT niche to validate the models using the industrial-featured datasets for better accuracy, prediction, and decision-making. In addition, we show how hybrid quantum-classical learning could leverage optimal IIoTsec when deployed. We conclude with the possible limitations, challenges, and prospects of the deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Electronics)

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18 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessReview

3D-Q-FISH/Telomere/TRF2 Nanotechnology Identifies a Progressively Disturbed Telomere/Shelterin/Lamin AC Complex as the Common Pathogenic, Molecular/Spatial Denominator of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

by Hans Knecht, Tina Petrogiannis-Haliotis, Sherif Louis and Sabine Mai

Cells 2024, 13(21), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13211748 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

The bi- or multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cell (RS) is the diagnostic cornerstone of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-positive and EBV-negative classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). cHL is a germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell disease. Hodgkin cells (H) are the mononuclear precursors of RS. An experimental model has to [...] Read more.

The bi- or multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cell (RS) is the diagnostic cornerstone of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-positive and EBV-negative classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). cHL is a germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell disease. Hodgkin cells (H) are the mononuclear precursors of RS. An experimental model has to fulfill three conditions to qualify as common pathogenic denominator: (i) to be of GC-derived B-cell origin, (ii) to be EBV-negative to avoid EBV latency III expression and (iii) to support permanent EBV-encoded oncogenic latent membrane protein (LMP1) expression upon induction. These conditions are unified in the EBV-, diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line BJAB-tTA-LMP1. 3D reconstructive nanotechnology revealed spatial, quantitative and qualitative disturbance of telomere/shelterin interactions in mononuclear H-like cells, with further progression during transition to RS-like cells, including progressive complexity of the karyotype with every mitotic cycle, due to BBF (breakage/bridge/fusion) events. The findings of this model were confirmed in diagnostic patient samples and correlate with clinical outcomes. Moreover, in vitro, significant disturbance of the lamin AC/telomere interaction progressively occurred. In summary, our research over the past three decades identified cHL as the first lymphoid malignancy driven by a disturbed telomere/shelterin/lamin AC interaction, generating the diagnostic RS. Our findings may act as trailblazer for tailored therapies in refractory cHL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Lymphomas)

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14 pages, 3655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Electrophysiological Responses to Hypnosis in Patients with Fibromyalgia

by Pradeep Kumar Govindaiah, A. Adarsh, Rajanikant Panda, Olivia Gosseries, Nicole Malaise, Irène Salamun, Luaba Tshibanda, Steven Laureys, Vincent Bonhomme, Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse and Aminata Bicego

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111047 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hypnosis shows great potential for managing patients suffering from fibromyalgia and chronic pain. Several studies have highlighted its efficacy in improving pain, quality of life, and reducing psychological distress. Despite its known feasibility and efficacy, the mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hypnosis shows great potential for managing patients suffering from fibromyalgia and chronic pain. Several studies have highlighted its efficacy in improving pain, quality of life, and reducing psychological distress. Despite its known feasibility and efficacy, the mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Building on these insights, this innovative study aims to assess neural activity during hypnosis in fibromyalgia patients using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and self-reported measures. Methods: Thirteen participants with fibromyalgia were included in this study. EEG recordings were done during resting state and hypnosis conditions. After both conditions, levels of pain, comfort, absorption, and dissociation were assessed using a numerical rating scale. Time perception was collected via an open-ended question. The study was prospectively registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov public registry (NCT04263324). Results: Neural oscillations showed increased theta power during hypnosis in the left parietal and occipital electrodes, increased beta power in the frontal and left temporal electrodes, and increased slow-gamma power in the frontal and left parietal electrodes. Functional connectivity using pairwise-phase consistency measures showed decreased connectivity in the frontal electrodes during hypnosis. Graph-based measures, the node strength, and the cluster coefficient were lower in frontal electrodes in the slow-gamma bands during hypnosis compared to resting state. Key findings indicate significant changes in neural oscillations and brain functional connectivity, suggesting potential electrophysiological markers of hypnosis in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)

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29 pages, 10408 KiB

Open AccessReview

Valorization of Residue from Aluminum Industries: A Review

by Andrie Harmaji, Reza Jafari and Guy Simard

Materials 2024, 17(21), 5152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215152 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Recycling and reusing industrial waste and by-products are topics of great importance across all industries, but they hold particular significance in the metal industry. Aluminum, the most widely used non-ferrous metal globally, generates considerable waste during production, including dross, salt slag, spent carbon [...] Read more.

Recycling and reusing industrial waste and by-products are topics of great importance across all industries, but they hold particular significance in the metal industry. Aluminum, the most widely used non-ferrous metal globally, generates considerable waste during production, including dross, salt slag, spent carbon cathode and bauxite residue. Extensive research has been conducted to recycle and re-extract the remaining aluminum from these wastes. Given their varied environmental impacts, recycling these materials to maximize residue utilization is crucial. The components of dross, salt slag, and bauxite residue include aluminum and various oxides. Through recycling, alumina can be extracted using processes such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, which involve leaching, iron oxide separation, and the production of alumina salt. Initially, the paper will provide a brief introduction to the generation of aluminum residues—namely, dross, salt slag, and bauxite residue—including their environmental impacts, followed by an exploration of their potential applications in sectors such as environmental management, energy, and construction materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials for Engineering Applications)

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15 pages, 5233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin with Clever Self-Assembly Method for Optimizing Interface Interaction via Well-Dispersed Cerium Oxide on Piperazine Pyrophosphate

by Jiajun Zhao, Zhengqian Wu, Yutong Hong, Hongyu Li, Junbo Qian, Kailiang Wu and Yan Xia

Fire 2024, 7(11), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7110372 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Developing flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs) is essential to broaden their industrial applications, as their inherent flammability restricts their widespread use. In this study, commercial cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles were modified with oleic acid and successfully assembled onto the surface of pyrophosphate [...] Read more.

Developing flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs) is essential to broaden their industrial applications, as their inherent flammability restricts their widespread use. In this study, commercial cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles were modified with oleic acid and successfully assembled onto the surface of pyrophosphate piperazine (PAPP) through a simple solvophobic effect, constructing an integrated superstructure flame retardant, CeO₂@PAPP, with enhanced performance integration. Compared to traditional simple blends, the EP composite with 10 wt% CeO₂@PAPP displayed superior flame retardancy, thanks to the more subtle synergistic effects between flame retardant components and their favorable interface interactions. The EP composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 34.2%. Significant reductions of 56.3% in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 38.2% in total heat release (THR) were observed. Furthermore, total smoke release (TSR), carbon monoxide yield (COPR), and carbon dioxide yield (CO₂PR) decreased by 52.2%, 50.2%, and 67.3%, respectively. Through comprehensive and detailed characterization, it was discovered that the assembled integrated CeO₂@PAPP flame retardant can perform better in both the gas phase and condensed phase, resulting in superior flame-retardant properties. This study offers an effective strategy for developing highly flame-retardant EPs, thereby expanding their potential applications across various industries. Full article

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23 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The “Emorality” of Caring: Validation of an Empirical Model of the Moral Feelings of Affective Care in Teaching Communities

by Antonio Rodríguez-Hernández, Joaquín Sepúlveda-Aravena, Mariela Melgarejo-Coronel and Isabel Duarte Lores

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14110983 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

This article presents a study that addresses the challenge of establishing a relationship between the axiological and the affective, by validating a structural model through an assessment instrument (SEMORCUNA) that isolates the moral feelings associated with ‘affective care’. The research sample consisted of [...] Read more.

This article presents a study that addresses the challenge of establishing a relationship between the axiological and the affective, by validating a structural model through an assessment instrument (SEMORCUNA) that isolates the moral feelings associated with ‘affective care’. The research sample consisted of 222 teachers, all of whom were either in training or were active professionals in the teaching field. To achieve the research objectives, a group of experts selected a total of 11 moral sentiments, based on which Principal Component Analysis was conducted. Subsequently, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to determine the internal consistency of the factors obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis was also performed. The results indicate that the selected feelings are part of a single factor. We conclude that all the emotional–moral experiences included in the test are empirically associated with the value of affective care. This work provides a tool to study the degree of teacher identification with the moral feelings that characterize the school as a ‘learning caring institution’, which is a fundamental condition for ensuring ‘resilient educational communities’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educator Well-Being and Resilience: Paradigms, Pathways, and Possibilities)

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13 pages, 3980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in People over 65 in Veneto Region Surveillance

by Silvia Cocchio, Claudia Cozzolino, Andrea Cozza, Patrizia Furlan, Irene Amoruso, Francesca Zanella, Filippo Da Re, Debora Ballarin, Gloria Pagin, Davide Gentili, Michele Tonon, Francesca Russo, Tatjana Baldovin and Vincenzo Baldo

Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111202 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: Elderly individuals over 65, along with children under 5, are the most affected by invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Monitoring vaccination coverage and conducting surveillance are essential for guiding evidence-based prevention campaigns and public health measures. Methods: Since 2007, the Veneto Region has [...] Read more.

Background: Elderly individuals over 65, along with children under 5, are the most affected by invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Monitoring vaccination coverage and conducting surveillance are essential for guiding evidence-based prevention campaigns and public health measures. Methods: Since 2007, the Veneto Region has relied on three sources for surveillance of invasive bacterial infections, contributing to an increase in reported IPD cases. This study analyzed notifications related to individuals aged ≥65 years from 2007 to 2023. Results: A total of 1527 cases of IPDs in elderly individuals were reported between 2007 and 2023. The notification rate significantly increased from 5.61 to 14.63 per 100,000 inhabitants, despite underreporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cases associated with sepsis increased from 3.89 to 9.58 per 100,000, while notifications of meningitis and case fatality rates remained stable at 1.5 per 100,000 and 11.8%, respectively. Serotyping was not performed in 52% of the notifications. The most common serotypes were 3 (21.6%), 8 (11.1%), and 19A (5.0%), with fluctuations over time. There was a significant decline in serotypes covered by PCV7 and PCV13 and an increase in non-vaccine serotypes. Conclusions: The regional surveillance system allows for an increasingly comprehensive profile of the epidemiological landscape of IPDs in Veneto. However, the surveillance of pneumococcal infections still presents challenges. The currently available data are likely to be underestimated, mainly referring to the most severe cases, and the serotyping necessary to identify the etiological agent is still not often performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Willingness toward Vaccination: A Focus on Non-mandatory Vaccinations)

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14 pages, 4689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing an Economical Water Harvesting System Using a Tank with Numerical Simulation Model WASH_2D

by Jean Bosco Nana, Hassan M. Abd El Baki and Haruyuki Fujimaki

Agronomy 2024, 14(11), 2466; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112466 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Newly incorporated module into the WASH_2D model has enabled simulating a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) using a tank. The incorporated module in WASH_2D was tested for two field experiments to determine the optimal tank capacity and cultivated area that give the highest net [...] Read more.

Newly incorporated module into the WASH_2D model has enabled simulating a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) using a tank. The incorporated module in WASH_2D was tested for two field experiments to determine the optimal tank capacity and cultivated area that give the highest net income for farmers. The first experiment was composed of treatments A, B, and C having the same cultivated and harvested areas (plastic sheets) of 24 m² and 12.5 m², respectively. The capacity of the tanks for treatments A, B, and C was set at 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively, while in the second experiment we carried out three treatments: F, G, and H having the same tank capacity of 300 L and harvested area of 12.5 m² with variable cultivated areas as G and H were larger by two and three times than F (10.5 m²), respectively. Water was applied automatically through a drip irrigation system by monitoring soil water suction. Results of the first experiment showed that the optimal storability and seasonal net income simulated by WASH_2D were 17 mm and 5.82 USD yr⁻¹, which were fairly close to 18 mm and 5.75 USD yr⁻¹ observed from field data, respectively. Similarly, the results of the second experiment revealed that simulated net incomes for different cultivated areas agreed well with the observed data. We concluded that the use of the simulation model WASH_2D can be economically useful to promote small-scale irrigation in semi-arid regions and guide planning irrigation or rainwater harvesting investments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture: Series II)

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14 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Differences in the Impact of Distracting Environmental Sounds on the Performance of a Continuous Visual Task in Older Adults

by Leanne Richards, Neil Carter, Claire J. Hanley, Claire Barnes, Huw Summers, Alison Porter and Andrea Tales

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111048 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vulnerability to sound distraction is commonly reported in older adults with dementia and tends to be associated with adverse impacts on daily activity. However, study outcome heterogeneity is increasingly evident, with preserved resistance to distraction also evident. Contributory factors may include individual [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vulnerability to sound distraction is commonly reported in older adults with dementia and tends to be associated with adverse impacts on daily activity. However, study outcome heterogeneity is increasingly evident, with preserved resistance to distraction also evident. Contributory factors may include individual differences in distractibility in older adulthood per se, and failure to consider the influence of how difficult a person found the test. Methods: We therefore measured distractibility in a group of older adults by comparing the performance of a primary visual task (Swansea Test of Attentional Control), which includes an adaptive algorithm to take into account how difficult a person finds the test under both no-sound and sound conditions. Results: Analysis revealed no significant difference in group mean performance between no-sound versus sound conditions [t (33) = 0.181, p = 0.858; Cohen’s effect size d = −0.028], but individual differences in performance both within and between sound and no-sound conditions were evident, indicating that for older adults, distracting sounds can be neutral, detrimental, or advantageous with respect to visual task performance. It was not possible to determine individual thresholds for whether sound versus no-sound conditions affected a person’s actual behaviour. Conclusions: Nevertheless, our findings indicate how variable such effects may be in older adults, which in turn may help to explain outcome heterogeneity in studies including people living with dementia. Furthermore, such within-group heterogeneity highlights the importance of considering a person’s individual performance in order to better understand their behaviour and initiate interventions as required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Function and Perception in Dementia)

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18 pages, 6215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Framework of Major Function-Oriented Zoning Based on Carrying Capacity: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Region

by Qun Zhang, Lili Wang, Hanmei Wang, Yang Chen, Chunhua Tian, Yixi Shao and Tiange Liu

Land 2024, 13(11), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111732 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Major function-oriented zoning, a key spatial planning strategy in China, aims to coordinate resource endowments, socio-economic development, and subsequent planning initiatives. However, the existing framework for major function-oriented zoning relies predominantly on socio-economic statistical indicators at the regional level, often neglecting the critical [...] Read more.

Major function-oriented zoning, a key spatial planning strategy in China, aims to coordinate resource endowments, socio-economic development, and subsequent planning initiatives. However, the existing framework for major function-oriented zoning relies predominantly on socio-economic statistical indicators at the regional level, often neglecting the critical role of carrying capacity. To address this limitation, we assessed both the current state and dynamic trends of the carrying capacity to identify risk and advantageous zones for major functions, with the objective of optimizing major function-oriented zoning in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Our findings indicate that 47 counties are experiencing significant pressure under the current carrying capacity, while 57 counties exhibit a deteriorating trend in their capacity. Over half of the counties are categorized as having an overloaded carrying capacity. Based on this analysis, 66 counties have been designated as risk zones for major functions. Consequently, the optimization of major function-oriented zoning requires adjustments in 10 counties, incorporating the identified risk and advantageous zones to enhance spatial planning efficacy. This study proposes an enhanced methodological framework for major function-oriented zoning by fully integrating carrying capacity assessments, offering substantial support for territorial spatial planning in China. We believe that these improvements contribute significantly to more resilient and sustainable regional development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Governance and Spatial Planning for Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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24 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Job Satisfaction Among First-Generation Migrant Physicians in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine in Germany

by Mahmoud Elnahas, Jutta Hübner, Philip M. Lang and Emadaldin Ahmadi

Healthcare 2024, 12(21), 2107; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212107 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examines job satisfaction, burnout, and well-being among first-generation migrant physicians in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine in Germany, comparing them to their native German counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was utilized, collecting data from 513 physicians, 110 of whom [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examines job satisfaction, burnout, and well-being among first-generation migrant physicians in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine in Germany, comparing them to their native German counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was utilized, collecting data from 513 physicians, 110 of whom identified as having a migration background. Job satisfaction was measured using the Warr-Cook-Wall (WCW) Job Satisfaction Scale, burnout was assessed with the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and well-being was evaluated using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Results: The job satisfaction ratings revealed no significant differences between migrant and German physicians in most dimensions, including physical workload, freedom to choose work methods, satisfaction with colleagues, responsibility, income, skill utilization, and variety in work tasks. However, migrant physicians reported significantly higher satisfaction with recognition received for their work and lower dissatisfaction with working hours. Burnout assessments showed that migrant physicians experienced higher psychological strain, perceiving every work hour as more exhausting and having significantly less energy for family and friends. Migrant physicians reported higher difficulty and frustration in working with patients. Well-being items indicated that migrant physicians felt less energetic and active but found their daily life more filled with interesting activities. Notably, the multivariate analyses of the total scale scores did not show significant associations between migration background and the overall outcome scales. Conclusions: The findings indicate unique challenges faced by migrant physicians, particularly in terms of recognition and patient-related burnout. These results highlight the need for targeted interventions to support migrant physicians, including cultural competence training and flexible working hours to enhance their job satisfaction and overall well-being. Addressing these issues is crucial for maintaining the quality of patient care and the occupational health of migrant physicians in Germany. Full article

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19 pages, 8099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnolol Inhibits High Fructose-Induced Podocyte Inflammation via Downregulation of TKFC/Sp1/HDAC4/Notch1 Activation

by Ziang Zhou, Yumeng Wang, Yu Xing, Shuman Pan, Wanru Wang, Jie Yang, Wenyuan Wu, Jie Zhou, Luyi Huang, Qiongdan Liang, Dongmei Zhang and Lingdong Kong

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(11), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111416 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: High fructose has been implicated as an important trigger of kidney inflammation in patients and experimental models. Magnolol, isolated from Magnolia officinalis, has an anti-inflammatory effect, but its protective role in podocytes remains underexplored. This study explored the protective effects and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: High fructose has been implicated as an important trigger of kidney inflammation in patients and experimental models. Magnolol, isolated from Magnolia officinalis, has an anti-inflammatory effect, but its protective role in podocytes remains underexplored. This study explored the protective effects and underlying mechanism of magnolol against high fructose-induced podocyte inflammation. Methods: The effects of magnolol on high fructose-induced podocyte inflammation were assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats administered 10% (w/v) fructose water for 12 weeks and heat-sensitive human podocyte cell lines (HPCs) exposed to 5 mM fructose. Podocyte foot processes were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of nephrin, podocin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1), triokinase/FMN cyclase (TKFC), specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) were determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to evaluate the interaction between Sp1 and the promoter region of HDAC4. Results: Magnolol mitigated the impairment of glomerular filtration function in high fructose-fed rats. Besides, it significantly alleviated the inflammatory responses in glomeruli and HPCs, evidenced by decreased protein levels of TNF-α and NICD1. Increased protein levels of TKFC, Sp1 and HDAC4 were observed in high fructose-stimulated HPCs and rat glomeruli. TMP195, an HDAC4 inhibitor, reduced TNF-α and NICD1 protein levels in high fructose-exposed HPCs. The increased Sp1 was shown to associate with the promoter region of HDAC4, promoting HDAC4 protein expression in high fructose-exposed HPCs. The knockdown of TKFC in HPCs by TKFC siRNA decreased Sp1, HDAC4 and NICD1 protein levels, alleviating podocyte inflammatory response. Furthermore, magnolol inhibited TKFC/Sp1/HDAC4/Notch1 activation in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: Magnolol attenuated high fructose-induced podocyte inflammation possibly through the suppression of TKFC/Sp1/HDAC4/Notch1 activation, providing new evidence for its potential role in podocyte protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

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9 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Updates on Systemic Immunomodulation in Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis

by Arash Maleki, Tate Valerio, Yasmin Massoudi, Maria L. Ruggeri, C. Stephen Foster and Stephen D. Anesi

J. Clin. Transl. Ophthalmol. 2024, 2(4), 131-139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcto2040011 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is an inflammatory process causing thinning of the cornea, epithelial defect, and inflammatory infiltrates and is caused by several etiologies. This sight-threatening condition can indicate the presence of potentially fatal underlying systemic conditions, and, accordingly, warrants thorough investigation upon [...] Read more.

Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is an inflammatory process causing thinning of the cornea, epithelial defect, and inflammatory infiltrates and is caused by several etiologies. This sight-threatening condition can indicate the presence of potentially fatal underlying systemic conditions, and, accordingly, warrants thorough investigation upon clinical presentation and immediate intervention in order to mitigate disease progression. This review aims to provide an update on the current diagnostic and management landscape for PUK, specifically with immunomodulatory methods in cases of noninfectious etiologies. A literature search was conducted to develop a nuanced, evidence-based perspective in which we present our preferred approaches. There are currently a number of viable options, following which a “stepladder” method is typically employed, where treatment methods are escalated as a result of inadequate clinical response to lower-level interventions. This method balances efficacy with the potential side effects of immunomodulatory medications. Ultimately, carefully monitored treatment regimens are needed to mitigate visual impairment in patients with PUK, and efforts must be made to achieve steroid-free remission to avoid the known side effects of long-term corticosteroid use. Full article

15 pages, 1368 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of TRPS1 as a Diagnostic Immunohistochemical Marker for Primary Breast Carcinoma: Latest Insights and Diagnostic Pitfalls

by Antonia-Carmen Georgescu, Tiberiu-Augustin Georgescu, Simona-Alina Duca-Barbu, Lucian Gheorghe Pop, Daniela Oana Toader, Nicolae Suciu and Dragos Cretoiu

Cancers 2024, 16(21), 3568; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16213568 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 (trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1) protein is usually used by pathologists to confirm breast origin for triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) or metastatic carcinomas of unknown primary. However, recent studies have reported TRPS1 expression in a variety of non-breast lesions. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 (trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1) protein is usually used by pathologists to confirm breast origin for triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) or metastatic carcinomas of unknown primary. However, recent studies have reported TRPS1 expression in a variety of non-breast lesions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of TRPS1 expression across various tumor types, highlighting both its diagnostic utility and potential pitfalls that may arise in clinical practice. Methods: A thorough search of the PubMed database on TRPS1 immunoexpression in tumor pathology was conducted. While the gene itself has been known for several decades, most studies regarding its use in immunohistochemistry emerged in the late 2010s. Particular emphasis was placed on case reports and cohort studies that examined the implications of TRPS1 expression in non-breast tissues, as well as variations in the results between commercially available TRPS1 clones, which may influence the staining intensity and specificity. Results: TRPS1 demonstrated a strong diagnostic utility in identifying primary breast lesions, particularly in TNBC cases. However, its expression in a growing number of non-breast cancers, such as lung adenocarcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma, and endometrial adenocarcinoma, as well as up to 96% of synovial sarcomas with SS18-SSX fusion, emphasizes the need for caution when interpreting TRPS1 positivity and suggests a multi-marker approach in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: While TRPS1 remains a highly sensible immunohistochemical marker for confirming breast primary lesions, pathologists should be aware of its low specificity and incorporate complementary diagnostic methods in order to ensure accurate clinical management. Further research should focus on elucidating the molecular pathways regulating TRPS1 expression in various tumor types, which may better define its clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breast Cancer Biomarkers and Clinical Translation)

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17 pages, 2495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method for Obtaining the Electrical Model of Lithium Batteries in a Fully Electric Ultralight Aircraft

by Jesús A. Salas-Cardona, José A. Posada-Montoya, Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Nicolas Muñoz-Galeano and Jesús M. López-Lezama

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110482 (registering DOI) - 23 Oct 2024

Abstract

This article introduces a novel approach for developing an electrical model of the lithium batteries used in an electric ultralight aircraft. Currently, no method exists in the technical literature for accurately modeling the electrical characteristics of batteries in an electric aircraft, making this [...] Read more.

This article introduces a novel approach for developing an electrical model of the lithium batteries used in an electric ultralight aircraft. Currently, no method exists in the technical literature for accurately modeling the electrical characteristics of batteries in an electric aircraft, making this study a valuable contribution to the field. The proposed method was validated with an all-electric ultralight aircraft designed and constructed at the Pascual Bravo University Institution. To build the detailed model, a kinematic analysis was first conducted through takeoff tests, where data on the speed, acceleration, time, and distance required for takeoff were collected, along with measurements of the current and power consumed by the batteries. The maximum speed and acceleration of the aircraft were also recorded. These kinematic results were obtained using two batteries made from Samsung INR-18650-35E lithium-ion cells, and different wing configurations of the aircraft were analyzed to assess their impacts on the battery energy consumption. Additionally, the discharge cycles of the batteries were evaluated. In the second phase, laboratory tests were performed on the individual battery cells, and the Peukert coefficient was estimated based on the experimental data. Finally, using the Peukert coefficient and the kinematic results from the takeoff tests, the electrical model of the battery was fine tuned. This model allows for the creation of charging and discharging equations for ultralight lithium batteries. With the final electrical model and energy consumption data during takeoff, it becomes possible to determine the energy usage and flight range of an electric aircraft. The model indicated that the aircraft did not require a long distance to takeoff, as it reached the necessary takeoff speed in a very short time. The equations used to simulate the discharge cycles of the batteries and lithium cells accurately described their energy capacities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric and Hybrid Electric Aircraft Propulsion Systems)

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