Guinness

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Guinness (pronounced /ˈgɪnɪs/) is a dry stout that originated in Arthur Guinness's St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. The beer is based upon the porter style that originated in London in the early 1700s. It is one of the most successful beer brands in the world, being exported worldwide. The distinctive feature in the flavour is the roasted barley which remains unfermented. For many years a portion of the beer was aged to give a sharp lactic flavour, but Guinness has refused to confirm if this still occurs. The thick creamy head is the result of the beer being forced—under high pressure—through five tiny holes in a metal disc in the tap. It is extremely popular with the Irish and is the best-selling alcoholic drink of all time in Ireland, where Guinness & Co. makes almost €2 billion annually.

Now available around the world, the brand is heavily associated with Ireland. The parent company has been headquartered in London since 1932 and was later merged with Grand Metropolitan plc and developed into a multi-national alcohol conglomerate named Diageo.

Guinness stout is made from water, barley malt, hops, and brewers yeast. A portion of the barley is flaked (i.e. steamed and rolled) and roasted to give Guinness its dark-ruby colour and characteristic taste. It is pasteurised and filtered. Despite its reputation as a "meal in a glass", Guinness only contains 198 calories (838 kilojoules) per imperial pint (20 fl oz UK) (1460 kJ/L)^{[citation needed]}, fewer than an equal-sized serving of skimmed milk or orange juice and most other non-light beers. The water used to brew Guinness comes from Lady's Well in the Wicklow Mountains and the barley is Irish-grown^{[citation needed]}.

Draught Guinness and its canned counterpart contain nitrogen (N₂) as well as carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is less soluble than carbon dioxide, which allows the beer to be put under high pressure without making it fizzy. The high pressure of dissolved gas is required to enable very small bubbles to be formed by forcing the draught beer through fine holes in a plate in the tap, which causes the characteristic "surge" (the widget in cans and bottles achieves the same effect). The perceived smoothness of draught Guinness is due to its low level of carbon dioxide and the creaminess of the head caused by the very fine bubbles that arise from the use of nitrogen and the dispensing method described above. "Original Extra Stout" tastes quite different; it contains only carbon dioxide, causing a more acidic taste.

Contemporary Guinness Draught and Extra Stout are weaker than they were in the 19th century, when they had an original gravity of over 1.070. Foreign Extra Stout and Special Export Stout, with ABV over 7%, are perhaps closest to the original in character.^[1]

Although Guinness may appear to be black, it is officially a very dark shade of ruby.^[2]

Arthur Guinness started brewing ales initially in Leixlip, then at the St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin, Ireland from 1759. He signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery.^[3] Ten years later in 1769 Guinness exported their product for the first time, when six and a half barrels were shipped to England.

Although sometimes believed to have originated the stout style of beer, the first use of the word stout in relation to beer was in a letter in the Egerton Manuscript dated 1677, almost 50 years before Arthur Guinness was born. The first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s.^[4]

Guinness brewed their last porter in 1974.

Guinness Stout is also brewed under licence internationally in several countries, including Nigeria^[5] and Indonesia.^[6] The unfermented but hopped Guinness wort extract (the essence) is shipped from Dublin and blended with a beer brewed locally.

The Guinness brewery in Park Royal, London closed in 2005. The production of all Guinness sold in the UK was switched to St. James's Gate Brewery Dublin. People in the UK had previously stated that Irish-brewed Guinness tasted much better than that brewed in London.^{[citation needed]}

The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonymn "Student" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's t-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's t-test.

The Sunday Independent reported in 17 June 2007 that Diageo intends closing the historic St James Gate plant in Dublin and moving to a greenfield site on the outskirts of the city.^[7] This news caused some controversy when it was announced. The following day, the Irish Daily Mail ran a follow up story with a double page spread complete with striking images and a detailed history of the plant since 1759. Initially, Diageo said that any talk of any move was pure speculation but in the face of mounting speculation in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed that it is undertaking a "significant review of its operations". This review is largely due to the efforts of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St James Gate plant.^[8]

Studies show that Guinness can be beneficial to the heart. Researchers found that antioxidant compounds in Guinness, similar to those found in certain fruits and vegetables, are responsible for health benefits because they slow down the deposit of harmful cholesterol on the artery walls.^[9]

Guinness is not vegetarian, as it uses isinglass, which is a by-product of the fishing industry that comes from dead fish. It serves as a fining agent for settling out suspended matter in the vat. The isinglass is retained in the floor of the vat but it is possible that minute quantities might be carried over into the beer.^{[citation needed]}

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Guinness stout is available in a number of variants and strengths, which include:

• Guinness Draught, sold in kegs — 4.1 to 4.3% alcohol by volume (abv);
• Extra Cold Draught, sold in kegs and put through a super cooler — 4.1 to 4.3% abv;
• Bottled Guinness Draught, which includes a patented "rocket widget" to simulate the nitrogenation in the draught variety — 4.1 to 4.3% abv;
• Canned Guinness Draught, which includes a similar but differently shaped widget — 4.1 to 4.3% abv;
• Guinness Original/Extra Stout — 4.2 or 4.3% abv (Ireland, UK, mainland Europe), 4.8% abv (Namibia/Southern Africa), 5% abv (Canada) and 6% abv (United States, Australia, Japan);
• Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, sold in the UK & Ireland, Africa, the Caribbean and Asia — 5% abv (China), 6.5% abv (Jamaica, East Africa), 7.5% abv (Ireland, West Africa, Indonesia, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Kitts, Grenada and Nevis) and 8% abv (Malaysia), blended with a small amount of intentionally soured beer to balance the flavour;^[10]
• Guinness Foreign Extra Stout Nigeria, uses sorghum in the brewing process instead of barley because of restrictions on barley cultivation, the sorghum base beer being mixed with a concentrate brought from Ireland by tanker. Sold in Nigeria (the third largest and fastest-growing Guinness market in the world) and Great Britain — 7.5% abv;
• Guinness Special Export Stout, sold in Belgium and The Netherlands — 8% abv;
• Guinness Bitter, an English-style bitter beer — 4.4% abv;
• Guinness Extra Smooth, a smoother stout sold in Ghana, Cameroon and Nigeria — 5.5% abv;
• Malta Guinness, a non-alcoholic sweet drink, produced in Nigeria and exported to the UK and Malaysia;
• Guinness Mid-Strength, a low-alcohol stout being test-marketed in Limerick, Ireland from March 2006^[11] and Dublin from May 2007^[12]— 2.8% abv;
• Guinness Red, a red ale that bears the Guinness name that began test-marketing in Great Britain in February 2007 — 4.2% abv.^[13]

• In October 2005, Guinness introduced the Brewhouse Series — a limited-edition collection of draft stouts available for roughly six months each. The first stout in the series was Brew 39, which was released in Dublin from Autumn 2005 until Spring 2006. It had the same alcohol content (abv) as Guinness Draught, used the same gas mix and settled in the same way, but had a slightly different taste. Many found it to be lighter in taste, somewhat closer to Beamish stout than standard Irish Guinness.
• In May 2006, the second in the Brewhouse Series was introduced, named Toucan Brew after the famous Guinness Toucan seen in many advertisements for the stout. This beer had a crisper taste with a slightly sweet aftertaste due to its triple-hopped brewing process.
• The third of the series — North Star Brew — was released in October 2006. It uses the same ingredients as Guinness Draught but is reported to have a more well-rounded finish due to a slight change in the blend of barley malts. The taste of hops is stronger than in standard Irish Guinness and the drink does not appear to have gathered any kind of following similar to that achieved by Toucan.
• In March 2006, Guinness introduced the "surger" in Great Britain. The surger is a plate-like electrical device meant for the home. It sends ultrasonic waves through a Guinness-filled pint glass to recreate the beer's famous "surge and settle" effect. The device works in conjunction with special cans of surger-ready Guinness. Guinness tried out a primitive version of this system in 1977 in New York. The idea was abandoned until 2003, when it began testing the surger in Japanese bars, most of which are too small to accommodate traditional keg-and-tap systems. Since then, the surger has been introduced to bars in Paris, but there is no intention of making it available to the French public. Surgers are also in use in Athens, Greece. The Surger for the USA market was announced on November 14th, plans are to only make the unit available to bars.^[14]
• Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Gold, Guinness Pilsner, Guinness Breó (A slightly citrusy wheat beer), Guinness Shandy and Guinness Special Light.
• A brewing byproduct of Guinness, Guinness Yeast Extract (GYE), was produced until the 1950s.

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Draught Guinness is served cool with the beer line run through a cooler to chill the liquid to the required temperature. Due to the foaming action of the nitrogen, it requires a "double pour", where the pint is 3/4 filled, allowed to settle and then topped up to the full pint. Guinness has made a virtue of this wait with advertising campaigns such as "good things come to those who wait". Following the settling of the initial pour, the pint is finished to the top of the glass, usually by pushing the tap forward.^{[citation needed]} The flow produced by this method is slower and thus helps create a firmer and longer lasting head on the pint.^{[citation needed]} It is considered to be the sign of a bad barman to finish a pint with a standard downward tap pour, although in busy pubs allowances are made. Some bartenders also draw a simple design, using the flow of Guinness from the head of the tap, such as a shamrock in the head during the slow pour. This is generally frowned upon by Irish drinkers and in Ireland is usually done only for tourists.^{[citation needed]}

• Black and Tan or Half and Half — a combination of stout and pale or amber ale, traditionally Guinness and Bass. Sometimes served with a pale lager such as Harp. Traditionally the Black and Tan is Guiness and Bass, which also refers to what the Northern Irish call the English. Bass, being an English brew, aided in calling it the "Black and Tan." Traditionally also, the "half and half" refers to the ale and the stout used to make it, which is completely Irish in origin. More often called Half and Half when a pale lager is used. With careful pouring the Guinness settles on the top and the Bass settles to the bottom providing a two-tiered, layered effect. The "Black and Tan" name is not favoured in Ireland due to the reference to the British paramilitary atrocities of the 1920s.^[15]
• Black Velvet — Guinness and champagne in equal quantities.
• Poor Man's Black Velvet — Guinness and cider in equal quantities. Also known as a Crown Float.
• Guinness Snakebite — A alternative name for the Poor Man's Black Velvet.
• Guinness and Black — A pint of Guinness with a dash of blackcurrant cordial. This makes the head of the Guinness go purple if the cordial is poured into the glass first. Most add the cordial last.
• Irish Car Bomb — A half-and-half shot of Irish Cream and Irish Whiskey is dropped into a half-full pint glass of Guinness.
• Black Russian — 1 shot of Tia Maria, 1 shot of vodka in a half pint glass topped up with coke. In Ireland served with a Guinness top.
• Guinness Shandy — Also known as a Shandy Gaff, it is served with an equal amount of Guinness and lemonade (or lemon-lime soda or flavored drink, such as Sprite or Sierra Mist), and it has become moderately popular in America during St. Patrick's Day celebrations.

A long time subject of bar conversations is the Guinness cascade, where the gas bubbles appear to travel downwards in a pint glass of Guinness.^[16]

The effect is attributed to drag; bubbles that touch the walls of a glass are slowed in their travel upwards. Bubbles in the centre of the glass are, however, free to rise to the surface, and thus form a rising column of bubbles. The rising bubbles create a current by the entrainment of the surrounding fluid. As beer rises in the center, the beer near the outside of the glass falls. This downward flow pushes the bubbles near the glass towards the bottom. Although the effect occurs in any liquid, it is particularly noticeable in any dark nitrogen stout, as the drink combines dark-coloured liquid and light-coloured bubbles.^[17]

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Guinness uses the harp of Brian Boru, or Trinity College Harp, or Denis O'Hampsey's (anglicised as Hempson) harp, the blind harpist born outside Garvagh, County Londonderry, in 1695, known as the Downhill harp is in the Guinness museum, Dublin, as its trademark. The circa 14th century Brian Boru harp, which is on view at Trinity College, Dublin, has been a symbol of Ireland since the reign of Henry VIII (16th century). Guinness adopted the harp as a logo in 1862; however, it faces left instead of right, as in the Irish Free State coat of arms.

Guinness has a long history of marketing campaigns, from award-winning television commercials to beer mats and posters.

Guinness's iconic stature is partly due to its advertising. The most notable and recognisable series of adverts was created by Benson's advertising, primarily drawn by the artist John Gilroy, in the 1930s and 40s. Benson's created posters that included phrases such as "Guinness for Strength", "Lovely Day for a Guinness", "Guinness Makes You Strong," "My Goodness My Guinness," (or, alternatively, "My Goodness, My Christmas, It's Guinness!") and most famously, "Guinness is Good For You". The posters featured Gilroy's distinctive artwork and more often than not featured animals such as a kangaroo, ostrich, seal, lion, and notably a toucan, which has become as much a symbol of Guinness as the harp. (An advertisement from the 1940s ran with the following jingle: "Toucans in their nests agree/Guinness is good for you/Try some today and see/What one or toucan do.") Dorothy L. Sayers, then a copywriter at Benson's, also worked on the campaign; a biography of Sayers notes that she created a sketch of the toucan and wrote several of the adverts in question. Guinness advertising paraphernalia, notably the pastiche booklets illustrated by Ronald Ferns, attracts high prices on the collectible market.^[18]

In the late 1980s early 1990s in the UK there was a series of humorous adverts featuring Rutger Hauer.

The 1994-1995 Anticipation campaign, featuring actor Joe McKinney dancing to "Guaglione" by Perez Prado while his pint settled, became a legend in Ireland and put the song to number one in the charts for several weeks. The advert was also popular in the UK where the song reached number two.

In 2000, Guinness's 1999 advert Surfer was named the best television commercial of all time in a UK poll conducted by The Sunday Times and Channel 4. This advertisement is inspired by the famous 1980s Guinness TV and cinema ad, centred on a surfer riding a wave. The 1980s advertisement was not only remains a popular iconic image in its own right but also entered the Irish cultural memory through inspiring a well known line in Christy Moore's song "Delirium Tremens". Surfer was produced by the advertising agency Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO; the advertisement can be downloaded from their website.^[19]

Guinness won the 2001 Clio Award as the Advertiser of the Year, citing the work of five separate ad agencies around the world.^[20]

In 2003 the Guinness TV campaign featuring Tom Crean won the gold Shark Award at the International Advertising Festival of Ireland,^[21] while in 2005 their Irish Christmas campaign took a silver Shark.^[22] This TV ad has been run every Christmas since 2003 and features pictures of snow falling in places around Ireland, evoking the James Joyce story The Dead, finishing at St. James's Gate Brewery with the line "Even at the home of the black stuff they dream of a white one".

In 2005 their UK commercial won the European Epica Award.^[23] In it, three men drink a pint of Guinness, then begin to both walk and evolve backward. Their 'reverse evolution' passes through an ancient homo sapiens, a monkey, a flying lemur, a pangolin, an ichthyasaur and a velociraptor until finally settling on a mud skipper drinking dirty water, which then expresses its disgust at the taste of the stuff, followed by the line "Good Things Come To Those Who Wait". The official name of the ad is "Noitulove" — which is "Evolution" backwards. This was later modified to have a different endings to advertise Guinness Extra Cold, often shown as "break bumpers" at the beginning and end of commercial breaks. The second endings show either the homo sapiens being suddenly frozen in a block of ice, the ichthyasaurs being frozen whilst swimming, or the pool of muddy water freezing over as the mud skipper takes a sip, freezing his tongue to the surface.

Guinness's 2007 advert, directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and filmed in Argentina is titled "Tipping Point". It involves a large-scale domino chain-reaction and is the most expensive advert for the company so far^[24][25].

Sales of Guinness in Britain and Ireland declined 7% in 2006.^[26]

Guinness has a significant share of the Africa beer market, where Guinness has been sold since 1827. About 40 per cent of worldwide total Guinness volume is brewed and sold in Africa, with Foreign Extra Stout the most popular variant. The Michael Power advertising campaign was a critical success for Guinness in Africa, running for nearly a decade before being replaced in 2006 with "Guinness Greatness".

In 2006, Canada was the fastest growing Guinness draught market in the world and on St. Patrick's Day in 2006, more Guinness was sold in Canada than in Ireland.^[27]

Guinness sales in the United States showed a 9% increase.^[28]

During Saint Patrick's Day outside Ireland, Guinness merchandise is available in many places that sell the drink. Merchandise includes clothing and hats, often available from behind the bar after a specified number of pints of Guinness have been purchased.

There is an exhibition on Guinness at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, called the Guinness Storehouse, where some of the old brewing equipment is on show, as well as old advertising posters.

Guinness is often used as an ingredient in cooking, typically in stews or pies or as a base for a batter in which fish is deep fried. Bennigan's also has made it into a glaze sauce used on many menu items. ^{[citation needed]}

• St. James's Gate Brewery
• Stout
• Arthur Guinness
• Guinness share-trading fraud
• Guinness World Records

• Guinness official website
• Guinness on Beeripedia
• Carey & Hildebrand,Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers, UK Patent 1266351, published 8 March 1972 — the true originating invention behind the modern widget.
• Forage, et al., "Beverage package and a method of packaging a beverage containing gas in solution". United States Patent 4,832,968. May 23, 1989.
• Scientific explanation of Guinness bubble circulation