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Caging is a term of art in the direct mail industry, as well as a term applied to a technique of voter suppression.

Caging is a term of art in the direct mail industry. After a mailing is sent, caging is when information is processed that can be learned from the returns. A caging list is the compiled information that is transferred to the organization that hired the direct mail firm, in order for them to update their mailing lists and databases.

Caging is also a term applied to a technique of voter suppression. In caging, a political party challenges the validity of a voter's registration; for the voter's ballot to be counted, the voter must prove that their registration is valid.

Voters targeted by caging are often the most vulnerable: those who are unfamiliar with their rights under the law, and those who cannot spare the time, effort, and expense of proving that their registration is valid. Ultimately, caging works by dissuading a voter from casting a ballot, or by ensuring that they cast a provisional ballot, which is less likely to be counted.

With one type of caging, a political party sends registered mail to addresses of registered voters. If the mail is returned as undeliverable - because, for example, the voter refuses to sign for it, the voter isn't present for delivery, or the voter is homeless - the party uses that fact to challenge the registration, arguing that because the voter could not be reached at the address, the registration is fraudulent.

On the day of the election, when the voter arrives at the poll and requests a ballot, an operative of the party challenges the validity of their registration. If the voter insists, the voter may cast a provisional ballot. However, the state will count the provisional ballot only if the voter can prove that their registration is valid.

From the Washington Post: "In 1981, the Republican National Committee sent letters to predominantly black neighborhoods in New Jersey, and when 45,000 letters were returned as undeliverable, the committee compiled a challenge list to remove those voters from the rolls. The RNC sent off-duty law enforcement officials to the polls and hung posters in heavily black neighborhoods warning that violating election laws is a crime.

"In 1986, the RNC tried to have 31,000 voters, most of them black, removed from the rolls in Louisiana when a party mailer was returned. The consent decrees that resulted prohibited the party from engaging in anti-fraud initiatives that target minorities or conduct mail campaigns to 'compile voter challenge lists.'"

In October 2004, the BBC Newsnight program reported on an alleged so-called "caging list" maintained by the George W. Bush campaign that suggested that they may be planning possibly illegal disruption of African American voting in Jacksonville, Florida.

The BBC reports that it has obtained a document from George W. Bush's Florida campaign headquarters containing a list of 1,886 names and addresses of voters in largely African-American and Democratic areas of Jacksonville. Democratic Party officials allege that the document is a "caging list" that the Bush campaign intends to use to issue mass challenges to African-American voters, in violation of federal law.

Whilst Florida statutory law allows the parties to challenge voters at the polls, this practice is not allowed if the challenges appear to be race-based. The city of Jacksonville has a large African-American population. Like the other states in the American Southeast, Florida has a legacy of formal and informal racial discrimination in elections. Members of the African-American community are justifiably concerned that they might be denied their voting rights.

The list appears to have come to light because of what appear to be e-mails accidentally addressed by Republican campaigners to the georgewbush.org anti-Bush site instead of the georgewbush.com Bush campaign site. The e-mails had the subject line "Re: Caging" and contained Microsoft Excel spreadsheet file attachments called "Caging.xls" and "Caging-1.xls".

If true, revelations that caging lists are being employed in Florida could be interpreted as an indication of a larger strategy of state Republican parties to reduce voter turnout by African-American and other predominantly Democratic voting constituencies.

• "10 Most Important Things About Direct Mail" http://www.malwarwick.com/learning-resources/articles/10-most-important-things-about-dm.html
• Anne-Marie Cusac. "Bullies at the Voting Booth." The Progressive. October 2004.
• Andrew Welsh-Huggins. "Voter Registrations Challenged in Ohio." Associated Press. October 28, 2004.

• BBC Newsnight report: New Florida vote scandal feared
• Republican response to Florida vote story
• Newsnight response to Republican complaint
• African-American Soldiers Scrubbed by Secret GOP Hit List
• GOP Challenging Voter Registrations