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''[[Aphanizomenon ovalisporum]]''}}
''[[Aphanizomenon ovalisporum]]''}}


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[[File:Aphanizomenon_Bloom_Upper_Klamath_Lake_USGS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aphanizomenon flos-aquae]] bloom on the [[Upper Klamath Lake]], Oregon]]
'''''Aphanizomenon''''' is an important genus of [[cyanobacteria]] that inhabits freshwater lakes and can cause dense blooms. Studies on the species ''Aphanizomenon flos-aquae'' have shown that it can regulate buoyancy through light-induced changes in [[turgor]] pressure.<ref>Konopka, A., [[Thomas D. Brock|T. D. Brock]], and A. E. Walsby. 1978. "Buoyancy regulation by planktonic blue-green algae in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin." ''Arch. Hydrobiol.'' '''83''': 524-537.</ref> It is also able to move by means of gliding, though the specific mechanism by which this is possible is not yet known.
'''''Aphanizomenon''''' is an important genus of [[cyanobacteria]] that inhabits freshwater lakes and can cause dense blooms. Studies on the species ''Aphanizomenon flos-aquae'' have shown that it can regulate buoyancy through light-induced changes in [[turgor]] pressure.<ref>Konopka, A., [[Thomas D. Brock|T. D. Brock]], and A. E. Walsby. 1978. "Buoyancy regulation by planktonic blue-green algae in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin." ''Arch. Hydrobiol.'' '''83''': 524-537.</ref> It is also able to move by means of gliding, though the specific mechanism by which this is possible is not yet known.


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
===Overcoming nutrient limitation===
===Overcoming limitation===
''Aphanizomenon'' may become dominant in a water body partially due to their ability to induce phosphate-limitation in other [[phytoplankton]] while also increasing phosphate availability to itself through release of [[cylindrospermopsin]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210009346|title=Enslavement in the Water Body by Toxic ''Aphanizomenon ovalisporum'', Inducing Alkaline Phosphatase in Phytoplanktons|year=2010|journal=Current Biology|authors=Yehonathan Bar-Yosef, Assaf Sukenik, Ora Hadas, Yehudit Viner-Mozzini and Aaron Kaplan|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.032}}</ref> The [[cylindrospermopsin]] causes other phytoplankton to increase their [[alkaline phosphatase]] activity, increasing inorganic phosphate availability in the water to ''Aphanizomenon'' during times when phosphate becomes limiting.
''Aphanizomenon'' may become dominant in a water body partially due to their ability to induce phosphate-limitation in other [[phytoplankton]] while also increasing phosphate availability to itself through release of [[cylindrospermopsin]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210009346|title=Enslavement in the Water Body by Toxic ''Aphanizomenon ovalisporum'', Inducing Alkaline Phosphatase in Phytoplanktons|year=2010|journal=Current Biology|authors=Yehonathan Bar-Yosef, Assaf Sukenik, Ora Hadas, Yehudit Viner-Mozzini and Aaron Kaplan|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.032}}</ref> The [[cylindrospermopsin]] causes other phytoplankton to increase their [[alkaline phosphatase]] activity, increasing inorganic phosphate availability in the water to ''Aphanizomenon'' during times when phosphate becomes limiting.

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===Toxin production===
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''Aphanizomenon'' species may also produce other [[cyanotoxins]], including [[anatoxin]], [[saxitoxin]] and [[BMAA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/cyanobacteriacyanotoxins|title=Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins|year=2015|publisher=[[US EPA]]}}</ref>


===Nitrogen fixation===
===Nitrogen fixation===
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A large proportion (around 50%) of fixed nitrogen may be released into the surrounding water. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ismej2015126a.html|title=N2-fixation, ammonium release and N-transfer to the microbial and classical food web within a plankton community|year=2015|publisher=ISME Journal (Nature)}}</ref>
A large proportion (around 50%) of fixed nitrogen may be released into the surrounding water. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ismej2015126a.html|title=N2-fixation, ammonium release and N-transfer to the microbial and classical food web within a plankton community|year=2015|publisher=ISME Journal (Nature)}}</ref>

⚫
===Toxin production===
⚫
''Aphanizomenon'' species may also produce other [[cyanotoxins]], including [[anatoxin]], [[saxitoxin]] and [[BMAA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/cyanobacteriacyanotoxins|title=Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins|year=2015|publisher=[[US EPA]]}}</ref>


===Colony formation===
===Colony formation===
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[[File:Aphanizomenon_Bloom_Upper_Klamath_Lake_USGS.jpg|thumb||[[Aphanizomenon flos-aquae]] bloom on the [[Upper Klamath Lake]], Oregon]]
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''Aphanizomenon'' may form large colonies as a defense against herbivore grazing.

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''Aphanizomenon'' may form large colonies as a defense against herbivore grazing.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~lynchlab/PDF/Lynch9.pdf|title=Aphanizomenon blooms: alternate control and cultivation by Daphnia pulex|year=1980|publisher= American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposium No. 3: 299-304}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~lynchlab/PDF/Lynch9.pdf|title=Aphanizomenon blooms: alternate control and cultivation by Daphnia pulex|year=1980|publisher= American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposium No. 3: 299-304}}</ref>


Revision as of 17:38, 30 October 2015

Aphanizomenon
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Cyanobacteria
Class:
see [1]
Order:
Nostocales
Family:
Nostocaceae
Genus:
Aphanizomenon
Species

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Aphanizomenon gracile Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi Aphanizomenon ovalisporum

Aphanizomenon is an important genus of cyanobacteria that inhabits freshwater lakes and can cause dense blooms. Studies on the species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae have shown that it can regulate buoyancy through light-induced changes in turgor pressure.[1] It is also able to move by means of gliding, though the specific mechanism by which this is possible is not yet known.

Ecology

Overcoming phosphate limitation

Aphanizomenon may become dominant in a water body partially due to their ability to induce phosphate-limitation in other phytoplankton while also increasing phosphate availability to itself through release of cylindrospermopsin.[2] The cylindrospermopsin causes other phytoplankton to increase their alkaline phosphatase activity, increasing inorganic phosphate availability in the water to Aphanizomenon during times when phosphate becomes limiting.

Nitrogen fixation

Aphanizomenon is capable of producing biologically-useful nitrogen (ammonium) by the process of nitrogen fixation from atmospheric nitrogen by use of specialized cells called heterocysts.

A large proportion (around 50%) of fixed nitrogen may be released into the surrounding water. [3]

Toxin production

Aphanizomenon species may also produce other cyanotoxins, including anatoxin, saxitoxin and BMAA.[4]

Colony formation

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae bloom on the Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

Aphanizomenon may form large colonies as a defense against herbivore grazing, especially Daphnia in freshwater. [5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Konopka, A., T. D. Brock, and A. E. Walsby. 1978. "Buoyancy regulation by planktonic blue-green algae in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin." Arch. Hydrobiol. 83: 524-537.
  2. ^ "Enslavement in the Water Body by Toxic Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Inducing Alkaline Phosphatase in Phytoplanktons". Current Biology. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.032. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "N2-fixation, ammonium release and N-transfer to the microbial and classical food web within a plankton community". ISME Journal (Nature). 2015.
  4. ^ "Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins". US EPA. 2015.
  5. ^ "Aphanizomenon blooms: alternate control and cultivation by Daphnia pulex" (PDF). American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Special Symposium No. 3: 299-304. 1980.

Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Aphanizomenon". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.


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