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== Descendants of haplogroup M ==
== Descendants of haplogroup M ==
[[Image:Geography of haplogroup M (mtDNA) subclades.gif|thumb|450px|Location of M subclades around the World]]
[[Image:Geography of haplogroup M (mtDNA) subclades.|thumb|450px|Location of M subclades around the World]]
*Haplogroup M1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M1.htm] - found in [[West Eurasia|Western Eurasia]] and [[Horn of Africa|Northeast Africa]]<ref name="Rajkumar et al."/><ref>A.D. Holden et al., [http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East], Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)</ref>
*Haplogroup M1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M1.htm] - found in [[West Eurasia|Western Eurasia]] and [[Horn of Africa|Northeast Africa]]<ref name="Rajkumar et al."/><ref>A.D. Holden et al., [http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East], Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)</ref>
**Haplogroup M1a
**Haplogroup M1a

Revision as of 15:31, 26 January 2009

Haplogroup M
Possible time of origin60,000 years before present
Possible place of originAsia[1]
AncestorL3
DescendantsM*, CZ, Q, E, G, D
Defining mutations263, 489, 10400, 14783, 15043

In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup M is a branch of the haplogroup L3. It is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia,[2] and is ubiquitous in India[3] where it represents about 60% of maternal lineages.[4]

M is believed to have originated in Asia[1] some 60,000 to 75,000 years before present:

The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M macrohaplogroup.[4]

Among the descendants of M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z, with Z and G being observed in North Eurasian populations, C and D being shared between North Eurasian and Native American populations, E being observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q being observed in Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to India, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent.[5] M7 and M8 are widespread Eastern Eurasian lineages.

Due to its great age, haplogroup M is an mtDNA lineage which does not correspond well to present-day ethnic groups, as it spans Siberian, Native American, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Central Asian, South Asian, Melanesian as well as Egyptian, Ethiopian, Somali, European, and various Middle Eastern populations in lesser frequency.

Descendants of haplogroup M

File:Geography of haplogroup M (mtDNA) subclades.png
Location of M subclades around the World
  • Haplogroup M1 [1] - found in Western Eurasia and Northeast Africa[4][6]
    • Haplogroup M1a
  • Haplogroup M2 [2] - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M3 [3] - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M4 [4] - found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Saudi Arabia
  • Haplogroup M5 [5] - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M6 [6] - found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M7 [7] - found in East Asia, especially in Japan
  • Haplogroup CZ/M8:
  • Haplogroup M9 [12] - found in East and Southeast Asia
  • Haplogroup M10 [13] - small clade found in East Asia
  • Haplogroup M11-12:
    • Haplogroup M11 [14] - small clade found especially among the Chinese
    • Haplogroup M12 [15] - small clade found in Japan
  • Haplogroup M21 [16] - small clade found in SE Asia
  • Haplogroup M27-29:
    • Haplogroup M27 [17] - found in Melanesia
    • Haplogroup M28 [18] - found in Melanesia
    • Haplogroup M29 [19] - found in Melanesia
  • Haplogroup M31 [20] - found in Andaman Islands
    • Haplogroup M31a1 - found among the Onge, in the Andaman Islands[7]
  • Haplogroup M32 [21] - found in Andaman Islands
  • Haplogroup M33 [22] - small clade found in South Asia and Belarus
    • Haplogroup M33a - found in Gujarat, India[7]
  • Haplogroup M34 [23] - small clade found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M35 [24] - small clade found in South Asia and Slovakia
  • Haplogroup M39 [25] - found in South Asia[7]
  • Haplogroup M40 [26] - found in South Asia[7]
  • Haplogroup M41 - found in South Asia
    • Haplogroup M41b - found in Andhra Pradesh, India[7]
    • Haplogroup M41c - found in Andrah Pradesh, India[7]
  • Haplogroup M42 [27] - found among Australian Abrorigines
  • Haplogroup M48 [28] - rare clade found at least in Saudi Arabia
  • Haplogroup D - found in Eastern Eurasia, Native Americans, Central Asia[8] and occasionally also in West Asia and Northern Europe.
  • Haplogroup G [29] - found especially in Japan with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia
  • Haplogroup Q [30] - found in Melanesia and Australia (Aborigines)


Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ^ a b Gonzalez et al., Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa, BMC Genomics 2007, 8:223 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-223
  2. ^ Ghezzi et al. (2005), Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians, European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 748–752.
  3. ^ Edwin et al. (2002), Mitochondrial DNA diversity among five tribal populations of southern India, CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 83, NO. 2, 25 JULY 2002
  4. ^ a b c Revathi Rajkumar et al., Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26
  5. ^ Revathi Rajkumar et al.
  6. ^ A.D. Holden et al., MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East, Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k K. Thangaraj et al, In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India. BMC Genomics, 2006
  8. ^ D. Comas et al., Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. EJHG, 2004

See also



Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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