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{{Infobox language
| name         = Esperanto
| altname      = International language
| nativename   = '''''Esperanto'''''
| pronunciation= {{IPA-eo|espeˈranto||Eo-Esperanto.ogg}}
| states       = 120 countries;<ref name="uea">[http://uea.org/info/en/kio_estas_uea What is UEA?], Universal Esperanto Association, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</ref> nowhere an official language
| speakers     = [[Native Esperanto speakers|Native]]: estimated 1000 to several thousand
| date         = 2016
| ref          = <ref name="hh">Harald Haarmann, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230135/http://fischer-zim.ch/esperanto/lingvaj-temoj/haarmann--leksikono-eo.htm Eta leksikono pri lingvoj]'', 2011, archive date March 4, 2016: ''Esperanto &hellip; estas lernata ankaŭ de pluraj miloj da homoj en la mondo kiel gepatra lingvo.'' ("Esperanto has also been learned by several thousand people in the world as a mother tongue.")</ref><ref name="jl">Jouko Lindstedt, Jouko, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174639/http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/odo.html Oftaj demandoj pri denaskaj Esperant‑lingvanoj]'' ("Frequently asked questions about native Esperanto speakers"), archive date March 3, 2016.</ref>
| speakers2    = [[Second language|L2]] users: estimates range from 63 000<ref name="svend">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberafolio.org/2017/02/13/nova-takso-60-000-parolas-esperanton/|title=Nova takso: 60.000 parolas Esperanton|trans-title=New estimate: 60.000 speak Esperanto|publisher=Libera Folio|language=Esperanto|date=February 13, 2017|accessdate=February 13, 2017}}</ref> to two million<ref name="e18">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/epo|title=Esperanto|publisher=Ethnologue|edition=20th|accessdate=October 6, 2017}}</ref>
|ancestor     = [[Proto-Esperanto|Lingwe uniwarsala]]
|creator       = [[L. L. Zamenhof]]
|created       = 1887
|setting       = [[International auxiliary language]]
|posteriori    = Vocabulary from [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Germanic languages]], grammar from [[Slavic languages]]
|script        = [[Latin script]] ([[Esperanto alphabet]])<br />[[Esperanto Braille]]
|agency        = [[Akademio de Esperanto]]
|iso1          = eo
|iso2          = epo
|iso3          = epo
|image         = Flag of Esperanto.svg{{!}}border
|imagesize     = 140px
|imagecaption  = [[Esperanto flag]]
|sign          = Signuno
| map          = Number of Esperanto association members by country.svg
| mapcaption   = [[Esperantujo]]: 120 countries worldwide
| mapsize      = 260px
| notice       = IPA
}}
'''Esperanto''' is a [[Constructed language|constructed]] [[International auxiliary language|auxiliary]] [[language]]. Its creator was [[L. L. Zamenhof]], a [[Poland|Polish]] [[eye doctor]]. He created the language to make international [[communication]] easier. His goal was to design Esperanto in such a way that people can learn it much more easily than any other [[national language]].

At first, Zamenhof called the language ''{{lang|eo|La Internacia Lingvo}}'', which means "The International Language" in Esperanto. Soon, people began calling it by the simpler name ''{{lang|eo|Esperanto}}'', which means "one who hopes". That name comes from ''{{lang|eo|Doktoro Esperanto}}'' ("A doctor who hopes"), which is what Zamenhof called himself in his first book about Esperanto.

There are people who speak Esperanto in many countries and in all the major [[Continent|continents]]. No one knows exactly how many people now speak Esperanto in the world. Most sources say that there are between several hundred thousand and two million Esperanto speakers.<ref name="ethnologue17">{{cite web | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/epo | title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | author = Simons, Gary F. | author2 = Charles D. Fennig | year = 2017 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas | accessdate = March 21, 2017 | archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20170317173057/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/epo | archivedate = March 17, 2017}}</ref>  A few people grew up speaking Esperanto as their [[first language]].  There may perhaps be around 2,000 of these people.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-esperanto-1533341 | title = Top 10 facts you didn't know about Esperanto | first = Fiona | last = Keating | date = December 14, 2015 | work = International Business Times | publisher = IBTimes Co. | quote = Up to 2 million people worldwide are estimated to speak Esperanto, including around 2,000 native speakers who learned Esperanto from birth.}}</ref> Therefore, Esperanto is the most-used constructed language in the world.

A person who speaks or supports Esperanto is often called an "Esperantist".

== History ==
=== Zamenhof's childhood ===
L. L. Zamenhof created Esperanto. He grew up in [[Białystok]], a town that was in the [[Russian Empire]],  but is now in [[Poland]]. People in Białystok spoke many languages. Zamenhof saw conflicts between individual [[ethnic group]]s living there (Russians, [[Poles]], [[Germans]] and [[Jew]]s).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/dec/06/saluton-the-surprise-return-of-esperanto |title= 'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto |last= Salisbury |first= Josh |date= December 6, 2017 |website= The Guardian |access-date= September 20, 2019 |quote= A Jewish-Polish doctor born in 1859 in Białystok, now in Poland, Zamenhof grew up under Russian occupation. Violence between different groups was common – Białystok which was a melting pot of Protestant Germans, Catholic Poles, Orthodox Russians and Jews.}}</ref> He thought that lack of a common language caused these conflicts, so he began creating a language people could share and use internationally.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15156-zamenhof-lazarusludwig|title=ZAMENHOF, LAZARUSLUDWIG|encyclopedia=JewishEncyclopedia.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702175759/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15156-zamenhof-lazarusludwig|archivedate=July 2, 2014|accessdate=February 2, 2015|date=2002}}</ref> He thought this language should be different from national languages. He wanted it to be culturally neutral and easy-to-learn. He thought people should learn it along with national languages and use Esperanto for communication between people with different native languages.

=== First attempts ===
First, Zamenhof thought about bringing [[Latin]] back into use. Although he learned it in school, he realized it was too difficult for normal use. He also studied English and understood that languages did not need to [[conjugation|conjugate]] verbs by [[Grammatical person|person]] or number. Once he saw two Russian words: ''швейцарская'' ([[wikt:reception|reception]], derived from ''швейцар'' - [[wikt:receptionist|receptionist]]) and ''кондитерская'' ([[wikt:confectionery|confectionery]], derived from ''кондитер'' - [[wikt:confectioner|confectioner]]). These words with the same ending gave him an idea. He decided that regular [[prefix]]es and [[suffix]]es could decrease the number of [[Root (linguistics)|word roots]], which one would need for a communication. Zamenhof wanted the root words to be neutral, so he decided to use word roots from [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Germanic languages]]. Those languages were taught in many schools in many places around the world at that time.

=== Creation of the final version ===
[[File:Unua Libro ru 1st ed.pdf|thumb|left|First textbook of Esperanto from 1887 in [[Russian language]].]]
Zamenhof did his first project ''Lingwe uniwersala'' (Universal Language) in 1878. But his father, a language teacher, [[wikt:regard|regarded]] his son's work as [[wikt:unrealistic|unrealistic]]. So, he destroyed the original work. Between 1879 and 1885 Zamenhof studied medicine in [[Moscow]] and [[Warsaw]]. In these days he again worked on an international language. In 1887 he published his first textbook ''{{lang|ru|Международный языкъ}}'' ("The International Language"). According to Zamenhof's [[pen-name]] ''{{lang|eo|Doktoro Esperanto}}'' ("Doctor who hopes"), many people started calling the language as ''Esperanto''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://esperanto.sk/eo/aperu.php?teksto=historia&lingvo=sk | title = Z histórie esperanta | first = Josef | last = Vondroušek | language = Slovak | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140823182917/http://esperanto.sk/eo/aperu.php?teksto=historia&lingvo=sk | archivedate = August 23, 2014 | accessdate = February 2, 2015}}</ref>

=== First attempts to change ===
Zamenhof received a lot of [[wikt:enthusiastic|enthusiastic]] letters. In the letters, people wrote their [[suggestion]]s for changes to the language. He noted all of the suggestions. He published them in the magazine ''La Esperantisto''. In this magazine, Esperanto speakers could vote about the changes. They did not accept them. The magazine had many subscribers in [[Russia]]. It was eventually [[banned]] (stopped) there because of an article about [[Leo Tolstoy|Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy]]. Publishing of the magazine ended after that. The new magazine ''Lingvo Internacia'' replaced it.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://esperanto-mv.pp.ru/Cetero/enigmoj.html | title = Enigmoj de Ludoviko Zamenhof | first = Boris | last = Kolker | year = 1998–1999 | language = Esperanto | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211083418/http://www.esperanto-mv.pp.ru/Cetero/enigmoj.html | archivedate = December 11, 2013 | accessdate = February 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.glasnost.se/2005/informfluoj-en-esperantujo/ | title = Informfluoj en Esperantujo | date = September 9, 2005 | language = Esperanto | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041421/http://www.glasnost.se/2005/informfluoj-en-esperantujo/ | archivedate = November 2, 2013 | accessdate = February 4, 2015}}</ref>

=== Progress of the community ===
[[File:1905-uk-z-m.jpg|thumb|Families of L. L. Zamenhof and {{Ill|Alfred Michaux|fr}} at the first World Congress of Esperanto, Boulogne]]
[[File:Bulonjaprelego.ogg|thumb|right|Record of Claude Piron's reading of Zamenhof's speech from the first World Congress of Esperanto in 1905.]]
In the first years of Esperanto's life, people used it only in written form, but in 1905 they organized the first (1st) World Congress of Esperanto in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[France]]. This was the first notable use of Esperanto in international communication. Because of the success of the [[congress]], it is organized each year (except years of the [[World War]]s) to this day.

In 1912 Zamenhof resigned his leading position in the movement during the eighth (8th) World Congress of Esperanto in [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]. The tenth (10th) World Congress of Esperanto in [[Paris]], [[France]], did not take place because of the start of [[World War I]]. Nearly 4000 people signed up for this congress.<ref name="EdE-militperiodo">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Enciklopedio de Esperanto | title = Milita periodo | url = http://www.eventoj.hu/steb/gxenerala_naturscienco/enciklopedio-1/encikl-m.htm | accessdate = February 5, 2015 | year = 1933 | publisher = Literatura Mondo | location = Budapest}}</ref>

=== Times of the World Wars ===
During World War I the [[World Esperanto Association]] had its main office in [[Switzerland]], which was [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] in the war. Hector Hodler's group of volunteers with support of [[Romain Rolland]] helped send [[Letter (paper)|letters]] between the enemy countries through Switzerland. In total, they helped with 200,000 cases.<ref name="EdE-militperiodo" />

After World War I there was new hope for Esperanto because of the desire of people to live in peace. Esperanto and its community grew in those days. The first World Congress after the war took place in [[The Hague|Hague]], [[Netherlands]], in 1920. An Esperanto Museum was opened in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], in 1929. Today it is part of the [[Austrian National Library]].

[[World War II]] stopped this growing of the language. Many Esperantists were sent into the battle. [[Nazism|Nazis]] broke up Esperanto groups because they saw the language as a part of a worldwide Jewish [[conspiracy]]. Many Esperanto speakers died in [[concentration camp]]s. The [[Soviet Union]] also [[Persecution|treated Esperantists badly]] when [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] was their leader.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-esperanto-1533341 | title = Top 10 facts you didn't know about Esperanto | first = Fiona | last = Keating | date = December 14, 2015 | work = International Business Times | publisher = IBTimes Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180110-the-invented-language-that-found-a-second-life-online | title = The invented language that found a second life online | last = Penarredonda | first = Jose Luis |date= January 10, 2018 | website = BBC Future | publisher = BBC | accessdate = January 13, 2018}}</ref>

=== After the wars ===
[[File:Group photo on IS 2005-2006 in Xanten.jpg|thumb|right|Most of the participants of an Esperanto meeting in [[Xanten]] ([[Germany]]) in 2006.]]
After World War II many people supported Esperanto. 80 million people signed a [[petition]] supporting Esperanto for use in the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://members.chello.cz/malovec/Abeceda.htm | title = Esperantští spisovatelé a jejich díla | first = Miroslav | last = Malovec | language = Czech | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170445/http://members.chello.cz/malovec/Abeceda.htm | archivedate = July 18, 2011 | accessdate = February 5, 2015 | quote = První petici ve prospěch esperanta Spojeným národům podepsalo téměř 17 miliónů lidí, druhou petici, adresovanou rovněž Spojeným národům podepsalo přes 80 miliónů lidí,...}}</ref>

Every year they organize big Esperanto meetings such as the World Congress of Esperanto, International Youth Congress of Esperanto and SAT-Congress (meeting of ''Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda'' - World Non-national Association).

In 1990, the [[Holy See]] published the document ''Norme per la celebrazione della Messa in esperanto'', allowing the use of Esperanto in [[Mass (liturgy)|Masses]] without special permission.<ref name="mesonormoj">{{cite web | url = http://www.ikue.org/historio/mesonormoj.htm | title = La dekreto pri la normoj por la celebro de la Meso en esperanto | publisher = IKUE | language = Esperanto, Italian | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819211440/http://www.ikue.org/historio/mesonormoj.htm | archivedate = August 19, 2012 | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="meslibro">{{cite web | url = http://www.ikue.org/historio/meslibro.htm | title = La dekreto por la aprobo de la Meslibro kaj Legaĵaro en Esperanto | publisher = IKUE | language = Esperanto, Latin | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819211414/http://www.ikue.org/historio/meslibro.htm | archivedate = August 19, 2012 | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fides.org/en/news/8533?idnews=8533&lan=eng | title = Catholic Prayers in the Languages of the World: Esperanto | date = December 7, 2006 | publisher = Agenzia Fides | location = Città del Vaticano | language = English, Esperanto | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715053359/http://www.fides.org/en/news/8533?idnews=8533&lan=eng#.VNNGbzWLrZs | archivedate = July 15, 2014 | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref> Esperanto is the only constructed language which received a permission like this one from the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]].

Esperanto has many web pages, [[blog]]s, [[podcast]]s, and videos. People also use Esperanto in [[social media]] and online discussions and in their private communication through [[e-mail]] and [[instant messaging]]. Several (especially [[open source]] and [[free software]]) programmes have their own language version in Esperanto. Internet radio station ''Muzaiko'' has been broadcasting 24&nbsp;hours a day in Esperanto since 2011.<ref name="muzaiko2011">{{cite web | url = http://www.liberafolio.org/2011/muzaiko-planas-sendi-retradion-en-esperanto-senpauze | title = Muzaiko planas sendi retradion en Esperanto senpaŭze | date = September 14, 2011 | publisher = Libera Folio | language = Esperanto | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819223252/http://www.liberafolio.org/2011/muzaiko-planas-sendi-retradion-en-esperanto-senpauze/ | archivedate = August 19, 2014 | accessdate  = January 18, 2015}}</ref>

== Goals of the Esperanto movement ==
[[File:Johano Paŭlo la 2-a kaj la Esperanta Meslibro 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pope John Paul II]] takes over the Esperanto [[Missal]] and [[Lectionary]] from the organisation of Esperanto [[Catholic Church|Catholics]].]]
[[File:Mormon plan of Salvation (Esperanto).png|thumb|right|The [[Mormon]] Plan of Salvation in Esperanto.]]
Zamenhof wanted to make an easy language to increase international understanding. He wanted Esperanto to be a universal second language. In other words, although he did not want Esperanto to replace national languages, he wanted a [[majority]] of people around the world to speak Esperanto. Many Esperantists initially shared this goal. General Assembly of [[UNESCO]] recognized Esperanto in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rezolucio de 1954|url=http://e.euroscola.free.fr/unesko.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305215231/http://e.euroscola.free.fr/unesko.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2014|language=Esperanto|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=May 13, 2015}}</ref> Since then World Esperanto Association has got official relations with UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://erc.unesco.org/ong/ONGlist_p.asp?language=Esperanto | title = List of NGOs maintaining official relations with UNESCO | year = c. 2014 | publisher = UNESCO | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121101005047/http://erc.unesco.org/ong/ONGlist_p.asp?language=Esperanto | archivedate = November 1, 2012 | accessdate = May 13, 2015}}</ref> However, Esperanto was never chosen by the United Nations or other international organizations and it has not become a widely accepted [[second language]].

Some Esperanto speakers like Esperanto for reasons other than its use as a universal second language. They like the Esperanto community and culture. Developing the Esperanto culture is a goal for that people.

People who care more about Esperanto's current value than about its potential for universal use are sometimes called ''[[Raumism|raŭmistoj]]'' in Esperanto. The ideas of these people can together be called ''{{lang|eo|raŭmismo}}'', or "Raumism" in English. The names come from the name of the town of [[Rauma (Finland)|Rauma]], in [[Finland]]. The International Youth Congress of Esperanto met there in 1980 and made a big statement. They said that making Esperanto a universal second language was not their main goal.

People who have goals for Esperanto that are more similar to Zamenhof's are sometimes called ''{{lang|eo|finvenkistoj}}'' in Esperanto. The name comes from ''{{lang|eo|fina venko}}'', an Esperanto phrase which means "final victory". It refers to a theoretical [[future]] in which nearly everyone on [[Earth]] speaks Esperanto as a second language.

The [[Prague Manifesto (Esperanto)|Prague Manifesto]] (1996) states the ideas of the ordinary people of the Esperanto movement and of its main organization, the World Esperanto Association ([[World Esperanto Association|UEA]]).

[[Germany|German]] town [[Herzberg am Harz]] uses nickname ''die Esperanto-Stadt/la Esperanto-urbo'' ("the Esperanto town") since July 12, 2006. They also teach the language in [[elementary school]]s and do some other cultural and educational events using the Esperanto language together with the [[Poland|Polish]] [[twin town]] [[Góra]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.herzberg.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=311&topmenu=311&keepmenu=inactive | title = Herzberg...la Esperanto-urbo | language = German | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226124239/http://herzberg.de/staticsite/staticsite.php?menuid=311&topmenu=311&keepmenu=inactive | archivedate = December 26, 2014 | accessdate = May 13, 2015}}</ref>

Esperanto is the only constructed language that the [[Roman Catholic Church]] recognises as a liturgical language. They allow Masses in the language and [[Vatican Radio]] broadcasts in Esperanto every week.<ref name="mesonormoj" /><ref name="meslibro" /><ref name="radiovaticana" />

== Esperanto culture ==
Many people use Esperanto to communicate by [[mail]], [[email]], [[blogs]] or [[chat room]]s with Esperantists in other countries. Some travel to other countries to meet and talk in Esperanto with other Esperantists.

=== Meetings ===
[[File:IJK 2009 Praga burgo.jpg|thumb|right|Participants of a trip to Prague Castle during International Youth Congress of Esperanto in 2009]]
There are annual meetings of Esperantists. The largest is the ''{{lang|eo|Universala Kongreso de Esperanto}}'' ("World Congress of Esperanto"), which is held in a different country each year. In recent years around 2,000 people have attended it, from 60 or more countries. For young people there is ''{{lang|eo|Internacia Junulara Kongreso}}'' ("International Youth Congress of Esperanto").

A lot of different cultural activities take place during Esperanto meetings: [[concert]]s of Esperanto musicians, [[drama]]s, [[disco]]s, presentations of the culture of the host country and culture of the countries of the participants, [[lecture]]s, language-courses, and so on. At the location of Esperanto meetings there is also a pub, a tearoom, a bookstore, etc. with Esperanto-speaking workers. The number of activities and possibilities depends on the size or on the theme of the meeting.

=== Literature ===
There are books and magazines written in Esperanto. Much literature has been translated into Esperanto from other languages, including famous works, like the [[Bible]] (first time in 1926) and plays by [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. Works that are less famous have also been translated into Esperanto, and some of these do not have English translations.

Important Esperanto writers are for example: Trevor Steele ([[Australia]]), István Nemere ([[Hungary]]) and Mao Zifu ([[People's Republic of China|China]]). William Auld was a [[British]] writer of [[poetry]] in Esperanto and [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[president]] of the Esperanto PEN Centre (Esperanto part of [[International PEN]]). Some people recommended him for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1529478/William-Auld.html | title = William Auld | author = Telepraph | date = September 22, 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515130528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1529478/William-Auld.html | archivedate = May 15, 2009 | accessdate = September 3, 2014}}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:La fina venk'.ogv|thumb|right|Video clip for the Esperanto song ''La fina venk’'' by i.d.c.]]
There is music of different [[Musical genre|genres]] in Esperanto, including [[Folk music|folk songs]], [[rock music]], [[cabaret]], songs for [[Solo (music)|solo singers]], [[Choir (music)|choirs]] and [[opera]]. Among active Esperanto [[musician]]s is for example [[Sweden|Swedish]] socio-critical music group ''La Perdita Generacio'', [[Occitanie|Occitan]] singer ''JoMo'', the [[Finland|Finnish]] group ''Dolchamar'', [[Brazil]]ian group ''Supernova'', [[Frisia]]n group ''Kajto'' or [[Poland|Polish]] [[singer-songwriter]] Georgo Handzlik. Also some popular music writers and [[artist]]s, including [[Elvis Costello]] and American singer [[Michael Jackson]] recorded songs in Esperanto, composed songs inspired by the language or used it in their [[promotion]]al materials. Some songs from the album Esperanto from [[Warner Bros.]], which released - all in Esperanto - in [[Spain]], in November 1996, reached a high position in the Spanish [[record chart]]s; similarly, in 1999, in [[Germany]], [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] music group ''Freundeskreis'' became famous with their single ''Esperanto''. Classical works for [[orchestra]] and choir with texts in Esperanto are ''La Koro Sutro'' by Lou Harrison and ''The First Symphony'' by David Gaines. In [[Toulouse]], France, there is Vinilkosmo, which produces Esperanto music. The main internet Esperanto songbook KantarViki has got 3,000 songs in May 2013, both original and translated.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kantaro.ikso.net/novajxoj?rev=1369546489 | title = Laste | first = Aleksej | last = Kuznecov | date = May 26, 2013 | language = Esperanto | accessdate = November 7, 2014 | quote = Nia kantaro superis ciferon 3000!}}</ref>

=== Theatre and movies ===
[[File:Festivadlo 2013 - R.U.R. aneb Terura sonĝo (divadlo DOMA) - 5.JPG|thumb|right|Student theatre ''DOMA'' from [[Svitavy]] ([[Czech Republic]]) played in 2012 the drama ''R.U.R.'' by Karel Čapek in Esperanto.]]
They play dramas from different writers such as Carlo Goldoni, [[Eugène Ionesco]] and [[William Shakespeare]] also in Esperanto. Filmmakers sometimes use Esperanto in the background of films, for example in ''The Great Dictator'' by [[Charlie Chaplin]], in the action film ''Blade: Trinity'' or in comedy [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] television series ''Red Dwarf''. [[Feature movie|Feature films]] in Esperanto are not very common, but there are about 15 feature films, which have Esperanto themes.

The 1966 film ''[[Incubus (1966 movie)|Incubus]]'' is notable because its [[dialogue]]s are in Esperanto only. Today some people translate [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]] of different films to Esperanto. The website ''Verda Filmejo'' collects these subtitles.<ref>{{cite web|author=REJM|year=2009|title=Filmoj en Esperanto|url=http://filmoj.net/|language=Esperanto|accessdate=September 3, 2014}}</ref>

=== Radio and television ===
Radio stations in [[Brazil]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Cuba]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.radiohc.cu/eo/interesantes/estaticas/frecuencias | title = HORARIOS, BANDAS Y FRECUENCIAS EN VARIOS IDIOMAS | publisher = Radio Habana Cuba | location = Havana | language = Spanish | accessdate = January 18, 2015 | archive-date = March 24, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324152715/http://www.radiohc.cu/eo/interesantes/estaticas/frecuencias | url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Vatican]]<ref name="radiovaticana">{{cite web | url = http://eo.radiovaticana.va/ | title = Programoj en Esperanto | publisher = Radio Vaticana | location = Città del Vaticano | language = Esperanto | accessdate = June 25, 2015 | archive-date = February 11, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211101325/http://eo.radiovaticana.va/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> broadcast regular [[Radio programming|programmes]] in Esperanto. Some other radio programmes and [[podcast]]s are available on the Internet. Internet radio station ''Muzaiko'' broadcasts Esperanto programmes on the Internet 24&nbsp;hours a day since July 2011.<ref name="muzaiko2011" /> Between 2005 and 2006 there was also a project of international television "Internacia Televido" in Esperanto. Esperanto TV [[Broadcasting|broadcasts]] on the Internet from [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], since April 5, 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://aea.esperanto.org.au/esperanto-tv-launched/ | title = Esperanto-TV is launched | year = c. 2015 | publisher = Australian Esperanto Association | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Internet ===
[[File:Vikipedio.png|thumb|right|The main page of Wikipedia in Esperanto in 2012.]]
On the Internet there are many online discussions in Esperanto about different topics. There are many [[website]]s, [[blog]]s, [[Podcasting|podcasts]], videos, television, and radio stations in Esperanto (see above). [[Google Translate]] supports translations from and into Esperanto since February 22, 2012 as its 64th language.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://googletranslate.blogspot.cz/2012/02/tutmonda-helplingvo-por-ciuj-homoj.html | title = Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj | first = Thorsten | last = Brants | date = February 22, 2012 | accessdate = February 5, 2012}}</ref>

Apart from websites and blogs of esperantists and Esperanto organizations, there is also an [[Esperanto Wikipedia]] (Vikipedio) and other projects of [[Wikimedia Foundation]] which has also got their Esperanto language version or they use Esperanto ([[Wikibooks]], [[Wikisource]], [[Wikinews]], [[Wikimedia Commons]] and [[Wikidata]]). People can also use an Esperanto version of social networks, for example [[Facebook]], [[Diaspora (social network)|Diaspora]] and other websites.

Several computer programmes also have an Esperanto version, such as [[web browser]] [[Firefox]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/all/ | title = Download Firefox in your language | year = 1998–2015 | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref> and [[office suite]] (set of programmes for use in an office) ''[[LibreOffice]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/?version=&lang=eo | title = LibreOffice Fresh | accessdate = February 5, 2015}}</ref>

== The language ==
{{main|Esperanto grammar}}
[[File:Eo-Filologio.ogg|thumb|Spoken Esperanto]]

Esperanto uses [[grammar]] and words from many [[natural language]]s, such as [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[French language|French]]. [[Morpheme]]s in Esperanto (the smallest parts of a word that can have a meaning) cannot be changed and people can combine them into many different words. The language has got common attributes with [[isolating language]]s (they use [[word order]] to change the meaning of a sentence) such as [[Chinese language|Chinese]], while the inner structure of Esperanto words has got common attributes with [[agglutinative language]]s (they use [[affix]]es to change the meaning of a word), such as [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]].

Esperanto's [[grammar]] (rules of language) is meant to be simple. The rules in Esperanto never change and can always be applied in the same way

=== Alphabet ===
[[File:Alfabeto de Esperanto.png|thumb|right|Printed and handwritten letters of Esperanto alphabet.]]
The Esperanto alphabet is based on the [[Latin script]]. It has six [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] with [[diacritic]]s: [[ĉ]], [[ĝ]], [[ĥ]], [[ĵ]], [[ŝ]] (with [[circumflex]]), and [[ŭ]] (with [[breve]]). The alphabet does not have the letters ''q, w, x,'' or ''y''.

The 28-letter alphabet is:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"
|+ Esperanto alphabet
! Number ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26||27||28
|-
! Capital letter
|[[A]]||[[B]]||[[C]]||[[Ĉ]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[Ĝ]]||[[H]]||[[Ĥ]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[Ĵ]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[Ŝ]]||[[T]]||[[U]]||[[Ŭ]]||[[V]]||[[Z]]
|- 	
! Small letter
|a||b||c||ĉ||d||e||f||g||ĝ||h||ĥ||i||j||ĵ||k||l||m||n||o||p||r||s||ŝ||t||u||ŭ||v||z
|- 	
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[phoneme]]
|{{IPAlink|a}}||{{IPAlink|b}}||{{IPAlink|t͡s}}||{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||{{IPAlink|d}}||{{IPAlink|e}}||{{IPAlink|f}}||{{IPAlink|ɡ}}||{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}||{{IPAlink|h}}||{{IPAlink|x}}||{{IPAlink|i}}||{{IPAlink|j}}={{IPAlink|i̯}}||{{IPAlink|ʒ}}||{{IPAlink|k}}||{{IPAlink|l}}||{{IPAlink|m}}||{{IPAlink|n}}||{{IPAlink|o}}||{{IPAlink|p}}||{{IPAlink|r}}||{{IPAlink|s}}||{{IPAlink|ʃ}}||{{IPAlink|t}}||{{IPAlink|u}}||{{IPAlink|w}}={{IPAlink|u̯}}||{{IPAlink|v}}||{{IPAlink|z}}
|}

* '''A''' is like '''a''' in '''father'''
* '''B''' is like '''b''' in '''boy'''
* '''C''' is like '''zz''' in '''pizza'''
* '''Ĉ''' is like '''ch''' in '''chair'''
* '''D''' is like '''d''' in '''dog'''
* '''E''' is like '''e''' in '''egg'''
* '''F''' is like '''f''' in '''flower'''
* '''G''' is like '''g''' in '''go'''
* '''Ĝ''' is like '''j''' in '''jam'''
* '''H''' is like '''h''' in '''honey'''
* '''Ĥ''' is like '''ch''' in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish]] '''loch'''
* '''I''' is like '''i''' in '''it''' or '''ee''' in '''feed'''
* '''J''' is like '''y''' in '''yes'''
* '''Ĵ''' is like '''s''' in '''measure'''
* '''K''' is like '''k''' in '''king'''
* '''L''' is like '''l''' in '''look'''
* '''M''' is like '''m''' in '''man'''
* '''N''' is like '''n''' in '''no'''
* '''O''' is like '''o''' in '''open'''
* '''P''' is like '''p''' in '''pie'''
* '''R''' is like '''r''' in '''road''' but is rolled (trilled, as in Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Russian)
* '''S''' is like '''s''' in '''simple'''
* '''Ŝ''' is like '''sh''' in '''sheep'''
* '''T''' is like '''t''' in '''tree'''
* '''U''' is like '''u''' in '''bull''' or '''oo''' in '''food'''
* '''Ŭ''' is like '''w''' in '''well'''
* '''V''' is like '''v''' in '''cave'''
* '''Z''' is like '''s''' in '''his'''.
==== Writing diacritics ====
Even though the world uses [[Unicode]], the letters with diacritics (found in the "Latin-Extended A" section of the [[Unicode Standard]]) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on the keyboards we use.

There are two [[wikt:remedy|remedies]] of this problem, both of which use [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] for the letters with diacritics. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, [[:en:wikt:devise|devised]] an "h-system", which replaces ''ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,'' and ''ŭ'' with ''ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,'' and ''u,'' respectively. A more recent "x-system" has also been used, which replaces ''ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,'' and ''ŭ'' with ''cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,'' and ''ux,'' respectively.

There are computer [[keyboard]]s that support the Esperanto alphabet, for example, {{lang|eo|Amiketo}} for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], and [[Linux]], {{lang|eo|Esperanta Klavaro}} for [[Windows Phone]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/esperanta-klavaro/e2264bb4-b596-4fb2-a5d3-42d007d6b53c|title=Esperanta Klavaro|work=windowsphone.com}}</ref> and [[Gboard]] & [[AnySoftKeyboard]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]].

=== Examples of words ===
[[File:1997 gej-glumarko.jpg|thumb|right|People often say Esperanto is a language [[puzzle]].]]
* '''from [[Romance languages]]'''
** '''from [[Latin]]:''' ''abio'' ([[fir]]), ''sed'' (but), ''okulo'' (eye), ''akvo'' (water)
** '''from [[French language|French]]:''' ''dimanĉo'' (Sunday), ''frapi'' (to knock), ''ĉevalo'' (horse)
** '''from [[Italian language|Italian]]:''' ''ĉielo'' (sky), ''fari'' (to do), ''voĉo'' (voice)
** '''from more Romance languages:''' ''facila'' (easy, simple), ''fero'' (iron), ''tra'' (through), ''verda'' (green)
* '''from [[Germanic languages]]'''
** '''from [[German language|German]]:''' ''baldaŭ'' (in a short time), ''bedaŭri'' (to regret), ''jaro'' (year), ''nur'' (only)
** '''from [[English language|English]]:''' ''birdo'' (bird), ''ŝarko'' ([[shark]]), ''jes'' (yes)
** '''from more Germanic languages:''' ''fiŝo'' (fish), ''fremda'' (foreign), ''ofta'' (frequent)
* '''from [[Slavic languages]]'''
** '''from [[Polish language|Polish]]:''' ''ĉu'' (word for yes/no questions)
** '''from [[Russian language|Russian]]:''' ''barakti'' (to fight), ''vosto'' (tail)
** '''from [[Czech language|Czech]]:''' ''ne'' (no, not), ''roboto'' (robot), ''ĉerpi'' (to pump)
** '''from more Slavic Languages:''' ''krom'' (except), ''celo'' (finish, goal, target)
* '''from other [[Indo-European languages]]'''
** '''from [[Greek language|Greek]]:''' ''hepato'' ([[liver]]), ''kaj'' (and), ''biologio'' (biology), ''politiko'' (politics)
** '''from [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]:''' ''du'' (two), ''tuj'' (at once)
** '''from [[Sanskrit]]:''' ''budho'' ([[buddha]]), ''nirvano'' ([[Nirvana]]), ''pado'' (path, way)
* '''from [[Finno-Ugric languages]]'''
** '''from [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:''' ''saŭno'' ([[sauna]])
** '''from [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]:''' ''ĉardaŝo'' (Csárdás - Hungarian national dance), ''ĉuro'' ([[semen]])
* '''from [[Semitic languages]]'''
** '''from [[Hebrew]]:''' ''kabalo'' ([[Kabbalah]])
** '''from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]:''' ''aŭ'' (or)
* '''from other languages'''
** '''from [[Japanese language|Japanese]]:''' ''cunamo'' ([[tsunami]]), ''zeno'' ([[Zen]])
** '''from [[Chinese language|Chinese]]:''' ''tofuo'' ([[tofu]]), ''teo'' ([[tea]])
** '''from [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]:''' ''vikio'' ([[wiki]])

== Criticism ==
Some of the criticism of Esperanto is common for any project of constructed international language: a new language has little chance to replace today's international languages like [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and others.

The criticism, which is specific for Esperanto, targets various parts of the language itself (the special Esperanto letters, the ''-n'' ending, sound of the language, and so on).<ref name="notfavorite">{{cite web | url = http://miresperanto.com/konkurentoj/not_my_favourite.htm | title = Why Esperanto is not my favourite Artificial Language | first = Geoff | last = Eddy | accessdate = December 22, 2019}}</ref>

Some people say that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) make the language less neutral than it would be using only the basic letters of [[Roman alphabet|Latin alphabet]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ | title = learn not to speak Esperanto | first = Justin B | last = Rye | accessdate = October 3, 2015 | archive-date = October 30, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051030011045/http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> No other language uses the letters ĉ, ĥ and ĵ. The letter ĥ is the least used letter in Esperanto and ĵ is not used frequently either, leading people to question how necessary they are.

Critics of Esperanto also say that the same ending of an [[adjective]] and a [[noun]] (such as "{{lang|eo|bona lingvo}}", "{{lang|eo|bonaj lingvoj}}", "{{lang|eo|bonajn lingvojn}}") is unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://idolinguo.org.uk/idoavan.htm | title = La Chefaj avantaghoj de Ido | language = Esperanto | trans-title = The main advantages of Ido | accessdate = October 4, 2015}}</ref> English, for example, does not have the requirement that an adjective and noun must agree in tense, and has no indicator for accusative cases.

They also criticize the fact that most of the words in Esperanto come from [[Indo-European languages]], which makes the language less neutral.

One of the common criticisms from both non-Esperanto-speakers and those who speak Esperanto, is that there is language [[sexism]] in Esperanto. Some words by default refer to males, and the feminine counterparts have to be constructed by adding the ''-in-'' suffix to the masculine root.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/o.html | title = learn not to speak Esperanto: Sexism | first = Justin B | last = Rye | accessdate = October 3, 2015 | archive-date = September 8, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150908080515/http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/o.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="riismo">{{cite web | url = http://www.rano.org/riismo2.html | title = Riisma esperanto | date = July 5, 1994 | language = Esperanto | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060924123828/http://www.rano.org/riismo2.html | archivedate = September 24, 2006}}</ref> Such a words are words like ''{{lang|eo|patro}}'' (father) and ''{{lang|eo|patrino}}'' (mother), ''{{lang|eo|filo}}'' (son) and ''{{lang|eo|filino}}'' (daughter), ''{{lang|eo|onklo}}'' (uncle) and ''{{lang|eo|onklino}}'' (aunt), and so on. The majority of all Esperanto words have no specific meaning on the basis of sex.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bertilow.com/seksaj_vortoj/index.html | title = Seksa signifo de vortoj kaj radikoj en Esperanto | first = Bertilo  | last = Wennergren | date = August 16, 2015 | language = Esperanto | accessdate = October 3, 2015}}</ref> Some people proposed the suffix ''-iĉ-'' with male meaning in order to make the meaning of the basic word neutral.<ref name="riismo" /> However this proposal is not widely accepted by Esperanto speakers.

Criticism of some parts of Esperanto motivated the creation of various new constructed languages like [[Ido]], [[Novial]], [[Interlingua]] and [[Lojban]]. However, none of these constructed languages have as many speakers as Esperanto does.

== Example of text ==
Normal sample: '''Ĉiuj''' homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj '''laŭ''' digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Version in h-system: '''Chiuj''' homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj '''lau''' digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Version in x-system: '''Cxiuj''' homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj '''laux''' digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Simple English translation: All people are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are reasonable and moral, and should act kindly to each other.

=== Lord's Prayer ===
{|
! colspan="3" | Esperanto
! rowspan="2" | English
|-
! Normal
! H-system
! X-system
|-
| Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo,
| Patro nia, kiu estas en la chielo,
| Patro nia, kiu estas en la cxielo,
| Our Father, which art in heaven,
|-
| Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
| Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
| Cia nomo estu sanktigita.
| Hallowed be thy Name.
|-
| Venu Cia regno,
| Venu Cia regno,
| Venu Cia regno,
| Thy kingdom come,
|-
| plenumiĝu Cia volo,
| plenumighu Cia volo,
| plenumigxu Cia volo,
| Thy will be done,
|-
| kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.
| kiel en la chielo, tiel ankau sur la tero.
| kiel en la cxielo, tiel ankaux sur la tero.
| in earth, as it is in heaven.
|-
| Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ.
| Nian panon chiutagan donu al ni hodiau.
| Nian panon cxiutagan donu al ni hodiaux.
| Give us this day our daily bread.
|-
| Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn,
| Kaj pardonu al ni niajn shuldojn,
| Kaj pardonu al ni niajn sxuldojn,
| And forgive us our trespasses,
|-
| kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj.
| kiel ankau ni pardonas al niaj shuldantoj.
| kiel ankaux ni pardonas al niaj sxuldantoj.
| as we forgive them that trespass against us.
|-
| Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
| Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
| Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
| And lead us not into temptation,
|-
| sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
| sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
| sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
| but deliver us from evil.
|}

== Metaphoric use of the word "Esperanto" ==
People sometimes use the word "Esperanto" in a [[metaphor]]ic way (not in its literal sense). They use it to say that something aims to be international or neutral, or it uses a wide mixture of ideas. They say the [[programming language]] [[Java (programming language)|Java]] is "independent of specific [[Operating system|computer systems]] [e.g. Windows, Android] like Esperanto is independent of ... nations".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.abclinuxu.cz/blog/jalinh/2007/6/6/182356 | title = Lidé jsou počítače a Java je Esperanto ;) | author = jalinh | date = June 6, 2007 | language = Czech | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> Similarly, they call the font ''[[Noto (font)|Noto]]'' "the Esperanto of fonts" because it tries to work well for every culture's writing.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/08/04/google_s_noto_font_aims_to_be_universal_and_contain_every_character_from.html | title = Google Is Building the Esperanto of Fonts | first = Lily Hay | last = Newman | journal = Slate | date = August 4, 2014 | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Other websites ==
{{InterWiki|code=eo}}
{{sisterlinks|d=no|voy=yes|species=no|m=no|mw=no|commons=Category:Esperanto|n=no|q=no|s=no}}
* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Esperanto Esperanto] on [[Citizendium]]
* [http://lernu.net ''Lernu!'' A popular website to learn Esperanto.]
* [http://radioarkivo.org Mp3 files of Esperanto radio broadcasts]
* [http://bertilow.com/pmeg Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko]
* [http://www.studio-pro.ch/esperanto-muziko.html Music videos in Esperanto from Mauritius and Madagascar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103204355/http://www.studio-pro.ch/esperanto-muziko.html |date=January 3, 2009 }}
* [http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ Learn Not To Speak Esperanto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030011045/http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ranto/ |date=October 30, 2005 }}, a piece criticizing Esperanto's problems; and [http://claudepiron.free.fr/articlesenanglais/why.htm Why not to learn Esperanto], [[Claude Piron]]'s answer to it.

{{Constructed languages}}
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