User:Mr. Ibrahem/Glioblastoma
| Glioblastoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV astrocytoma |
 | |
| Coronal MRI with contrast of a glioblastoma in a 15-year-old male | |
| Medical specialty | Oncology, neurosurgery |
| Symptoms | Initially nonspecific, headaches, personality changes, nausea, symptoms similar to a stroke[1] |
| Usual onset | ~ 64 years old[2][3] |
| Causes | Usually unclear[2] |
| Risk factors | Genetic disorders (neurofibromatosis, Li–Fraumeni syndrome), previous radiation therapy[2][3] |
| Diagnostic method | CT scan, MRI scan, tissue biopsy[1] |
| Prevention | Unknown[3] |
| Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation[3] |
| Medication | Temozolomide, steroids[1][4] |
| Prognosis | Life expectancy ~ 14 months with treatment (5 year survival <7%)[2][5] |
| Frequency | 3 per 100,000 per year[3] |
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive type of cancer that begins within the brain.[6] Initially, signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific.[1] They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.[1] Symptoms often worsen rapidly and may progress to unconsciousness.[2]
The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known.[2] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and Li–Fraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy.[2][3] Glioblastomas represent 15% of all brain tumors.[1] They can either start from normal brain cells or develop from an existing low-grade astrocytoma.[7] The diagnosis typically is made by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan and tissue biopsy.[1]
There is no known method of preventing the cancer.[3] Treatment usually involves surgery, after which chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used.[3] The medication temozolomide is frequently used as part of chemotherapy.[3][4] High-dose steroids may be used to help reduce swelling and decrease symptoms.[1] Greater surgical removal of the tumor is linked to longer survival.[8]
Despite maximum treatment, the cancer usually recurs.[3] The typical duration of survival following diagnosis is 12 to 15 months, with fewer than 3 to 7% of people surviving longer than five years.[2][5] Without treatment, survival is typically three months.[9] It is the most common cancer that begins within the brain and the second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma.[6][10] About 3 in 100,000 people develop the disease per year.[3] It most often begins around 64 years of age and occurs more commonly in males than females.[2][3] Immunotherapy is being studied as treatment for the cancer.[11]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH (June 2015). "Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma". Annals of Translational Medicine. 3 (9): 121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.10. PMC 4481356. PMID 26207249.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Chapter 5.16". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Gallego O (August 2015). "Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma". Current Oncology. 22 (4): e273-81. doi:10.3747/co.22.2436. PMC 4530825. PMID 26300678.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hart MG, Garside R, Rogers G, Stein K, Grant R (April 2013). "Temozolomide for high grade glioma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD007415. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007415.pub2. PMC 6457743. PMID 23633341.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (November 2019). "CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016". Neuro-Oncology. 21 (Supplement_5): v1–v100. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noz150. PMC 6823730. PMID 31675094.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S (May 2012). "Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 108 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0. PMC 3337398. PMID 22270850.
- ↑ "Chapter 3.8". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
- ↑ Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ (2010). "Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma". Ca. 60 (3): 166–93. doi:10.3322/caac.20069. PMC 2888474. PMID 20445000.
- ↑ Schapira, Anthony H.V. (2007). Neurology and clinical neuroscience. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. p. 1336. ISBN 9780323070539. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
- ↑ McNeill KA (November 2016). "Epidemiology of Brain Tumors". Neurologic Clinics. 34 (4): 981–998. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014. PMID 27720005.
- ↑ "With Immunotherapy, Glimmers of Progress against Glioblastoma". National Cancer Institute. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.