Capper

Copper, ₂₉Cu
Copper
Appearance	reid-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Cu)	63.546(3)
Copper in the periodic cairt
	nickel ← copper → zinc
Atomic nummer (Z)	29
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F)
Bylin pynt	2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionisation energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
	Colour lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines o copper
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	face-centred cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	(annealed); 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs haurdness	3.0
Vickers haurdness	369 MPa
Brinell haurdness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-50-8
History
Diskivery	Middle Eastrens (9000 BC)
Main isotopes o copper
β−	64Zn
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Capper is a chemical element in the periodic cairt that haes the seembol Cu (L.: Cuprum) an atomic nummer 29. It is a ductile metal wi vera heich thermal an electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface o pure capper has a reiddish-orange colour. Capper is uised as a conductor o heat an electricity, as a biggin material, an as a constituent o various metal alloys, sic as sterling siller uised in jewelry, cupronickel uised tae mak marine haurdware an cunyies, an constantan uised in strain gauges an thermocouples for temperatur meisurment.

Capper is ane o the few metals that can occur in naitur in a directly uisable metallic form (native metals). This led tae verra early human uise in several regions, frae c. 8000 BC. Thoosands o years later, it wis the first metal tae be smeltit frae sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC, the first metal tae be cast intae a shape in a mauld, c. 4000 BC an the first metal tae be purposefully alloyed wi anither metal, tin, tae creaut bronze, c. 3500 BC.^[4]

In the Roman era, capper wis principally mined on Cyprus, the oreegin o the name o the metal, fae aes cyprium (metal o Cyprus), later corruptit tae cuprum (Latin), frae that the wirds derived.^[5]

The commonly encoontert compoonds are capper(II) sauts, that eften impairt blue or green colours tae sic minerals as azurite, malachite, an turquoise, an hae been uised widely an historically as pigments.

Capper uised in biggins, uisually for ruifin, oxidises tae form a green verdigris (or patina). Capper is whiles uised in decorative airt, baith in its elemental metal form an in compoonds as pigments. Capper compoonds are used as bacteriostatic augents, fungicides, an wid preservatives.

Copper is essential tae aw leevin organisms as a trace dietar mineral acause it is a key constituent o the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs an crustaceans, capper is a constituent o the bluid pigment hemocyanin, replaced bi the airn-complexed hemoglobin in fish an ither vertebrates. In humans, capper is foond mainly in the liver, muscle, an bane.^[6] The adult body contains atween 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.^[7]

References

↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ McHenry, Charles, ed. (1992). The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. p. 612. ISBN 0-85229-553-7.
↑ "Copper". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
↑ Johnson, MD PhD, Larry E., ed. (2008). "Copper". Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Archived frae the original on 7 Mairch 2016. Retrieved 7 Apryle 2013.
↑ "Copper in human health".

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[2] Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.

[3] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[EncBrit-4] McHenry, Charles, ed. (1992). The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. p. 612. ISBN 0-85229-553-7.

[5] "Copper". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.

[6] Johnson, MD PhD, Larry E., ed. (2008). "Copper". Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Archived frae the original on 7 Mairch 2016. Retrieved 7 Apryle 2013.

[7] "Copper in human health".

[1]