In the last couple of decades, the world has seen several stunning instances of quantum
algorithms that provably outperform the best classical algorithms. For most problems,
however, it is currently unknown whether quantum algorithms can provide an advantage,
and if so by how much, or how to design quantum algorithms that realize such advantages.
Many of the most challenging computational problems arising in the practical world are
tackled today by heuristic algorithms that have not been mathematically proven to�…