Novial
Novial (nov + IAL, International Auxiliari Lingue) es konstrukteti lingue kreat da Profesore Otto Jespersen, dani linguiste kel had anteim prenda parte in li kreatione de altri konstrukteti lingue, Ido. Lo kread novial kom international auxiliari lingue (IAL), por plufasilifika international komunikatione, ma sin desplasa uli patrial lingues.
novial
 | |
| Propri nome | novial |
| Informatione | |
| Parlat | poki parleres trans li monde |
| Ofisial lingue | nulilok |
| Parleres | tre poki |
| Range | non in 100 maxim grandi |
| Alfabete | latini |
| Akademie del lingue | nulu |
|
Linguistikal klasifikatione | |
| Lingual familie | konstrukteti lingue |
| Lingual grupe | international auxiliari lingue |
| Kodes del lingue | |
| ISO 639-1 | |
| ISO 639-2 | art |
| ISO 639-3 | nov |
| SIL | nov |
Jespersen unesmim introdukted novial in li angli libre An International Language ye 1928. Ye 1930 lo publisad multingual lexike de novial, Novial Lexike, kun traduktiones in anglum, fransum e germanum. Plusi modifikationes blid proposi ye li 1930 dekyare, ma after li morio de Jespersen ye 1943, lun uso sesad. Durant li 1990 dekyare novial ha atrakte intereso per li interete, e nun es nombre de useres trans li monde.
Ye 24 de novembre 2004 li yahoo-grupe novial-diskusione blid fonda in li interrete. Depos januare 2006 exista li Novial Wikipedie in li interrete.
Historie
modifika- Chefi artikle: Historie de Novial
Un International Lingue (1928)
modifikaNovial unesmim bli deskripte in li angli libre An International Language (1928) da Otto Jespersen. Li unesmi parte del libre diskuse li besono por international auxiliari lingue, li desavantajes de national lingues por ti funktione e komuni objetiones konter konstrukteti international auxiliari lingues. Jespersen anke provise kritikal resense del historie de konstrukteti IALs kun sektiones pri Volapük, Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Latino sine Flexione e Occidental (Interlingue). Li autore klarifika ke lo usa li grandi quantitate de plu frui verkes pri li probleme, non solim li anteim mentionat IALs.
Li duesmi parte de An International Language detalim deskripte novial. Alternativi posibli solutiones por problemes in li fonologia, ortografia, gramatike e vokablaro bli konsidera. Li selektiones bli explika per komparo kun national e anteim konstrukteti IALs.
Novial Lexike (1930)
modifikaKelki chanjos bli introdukte in li lingue kun li publikatione de Novial Lexike ye 1930. Inter disi chanjos on trova kelki sufixes kom -ntia (konvalescentia, inteligentia, presentia) e -itate (felisitate, sinseritate)[1], e adverbies sin li finale -im (tot nudi, tal-nomat, extrem fasil, bon konstruktet)[1].
Novialiste (1934)
modifikaIn maye 1934, Otto Jespersen proposid in lon artikle Plubonisat Novial[2] (publisat in li revue Novialiste) li adoptione de un »ortografial» novial apud li original fonetikalim skriptet lingue[3].
Kom resulte de omni disum me proposi ke on have du formes de novial, usabli segun chaken personal prefero:
- fonetikal novial (FN) kom li tilnun usat, sin c e sin z.
- ortografial novial (ON), kel admise li literes c (kun ç e sc) e z.
Fro 1935 til 1939, Valter Ahlstedt kolaborad in Novialiste. Ye 1937, komisione nomisat Lingual Jurie del Novialistes por plubonisa Novial bli krea, kun Ahlstedt kom sekretario. Pro li influo de Ahlstedt, li nove versione de Novial esed tre proxim a Interlingue. Lon Gramatike Interlingual devenid li nov ofisiali gramatike de Novial. Tamen, Ahlstedt chanjad a Interlingua e tum signifikad li fine del lingue, kel esed sin uso til li 1990 dekyare.
After li morio de Otto Jespersen
modifikaIn li 1990 dekyare, un nov generatione de novialistes (usoniani studantes e linguistes) publikad Novial 98 (Novi International Auxiliari Linguum) che interete. Li briti matematikisto James Chandler publikis multi textes in e pri novial[4]
Novial98 have kelki 20 chanjos, diskutet in intereti forume[1] kom li inklusione de w e z, li aditione de -r al infinitives, ve bli chanja a va e sta bli adi por kontinui tempe (me sta lekter).
Tum esed li komenso de novi novialides kom Novial Pro da Marcos Franco, Eurial de B. Phillip Jonsson, NovIALA e Noviali Interlingue Modernizat, adapted li fundi idees de Guisepe Peano e li labore de Otto Jespersen, Edgar de Wahl e Alexander Gode.
Li grupe de diskusione de Yahoo bli fonda ye 2004 e li Wikipedie in Novial esed kreat ye 2006.
Nunim
modifikaLi Esperanto haved sukseso plus kam li Novial ma... ob Jespersen komprenad ante omnes que li Anglum vud es li internationali lingue after li Fransum com tum es nunim?
Ob nur li chanse fad ke lo esed profesor de Anglum?
Quam unque es, li gramatike del Novial es li angli gramatike por li verbes e li novial vordes es konosata pri len radikale en li omne monde. Disu dona novi chanse de sukseso nunim al Novial.
Gramatike
modifika- Disi artikle parla pri li gramatike de Novial kel apari in li libre 'An International Language', non pri li modifikationes fat aftru.
Alfabete
modifikaLi alfabete de Novial did chanja e kelki literes blid adi aftru, kom li litere z.
| Novial | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFA | /a/ | /b/ | /d/ | /e/~/ɛ/ | /f/ | /g/ | /h/ | /i/ | /dʒ/, /ʒ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/, /z/ | /t/ | /u/ | /v/ | /w/, /u/, /v/ | /ks/ | /j/ |
Strese
modifikaEufonie
modifikaSubstantives
modifikaNombre
modifikaSexu
modifikaNeutrum
modifikaAdjektives
modifikaKasu
modifikaPronomines
modifika| singulari | plurali | nondefiniti | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1mi | 2mi | 3mi | 1mi | 2mi | 3mi | ||||||||
| mask. | fem. | neut. | omnigenus | mask. | fem. | neut. | omnigenus | ||||||
| Novial | me | vu | lo | la | lu | le | nus | vus | los | las | lus | les | on |
Verbes
modifikaLi verbes nulitem chanja kun persone o nombre. Li maxim parte del tempus, modes e voises bli exprese kun auxiliari verbes presedant li radike del chefi verbe. Li auxiliaris seku li sami ordine de paroles kom li angli equivalenti.
Partisipes
modifikaInfinitive e Imperative
modifikaPresente e Preterite
modifikaFuture e Konditionale
modifikaPerfekte e Plusquamperfekte
modifikaPasive
modifikaNon-direkti Parlo
modifikaVerbal Sisteme
modifikaAfixes
modifikaPrefixes
modifika| pre- | denotes before |
previda foresee |
prehistorie prehistory |
prepaga prepay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| anti- | denotes against |
antialkoholisme anti-alcoholism |
antiklerikal anticlerical |
antimilitariste antimilitarist |
| non- | negative prefix not |
nonexistant nonexistant |
nonposibli impossible |
nonreal unreal |
| des- | denotes direct opposite |
desobedia disobey |
desfasil difficult |
desutili harmful, pernicious |
| dis- | denotes dispersion or separation |
disdona distribute |
dissenda send out |
distrancha carve |
| mis- | denotes wrongly |
mispronuntia mispronounce |
misdukte mislead |
miskomprenda miscomprehend |
| mal- | denotes bad |
malodoro stink |
malformat malformed |
malhumerosi ill-tempered |
| par- | denotes perfectly or thoroughly |
parlerna learn thoroughly |
parlekte read thoroughly |
parmori die out completely |
| ri- | denotes repetition or restoration |
rielekte re-elect |
riforma reform |
rigana regain |
| retro- | denotes back(wards) |
retroflua flow back |
retroaktiv retroactive |
retroseda cede back, restore |
| mi- | denotes half |
mihore half-hour |
miklosat half closed |
milume twilight |
| bo- | denotes relation by marriage |
bopatro father-in-law |
bofilia daughter-in-law |
boparentes in-laws |
| ex- | denotes late, former, retired, ex- |
ex-presidente ex-president |
ex-marito ex-husband |
ex-marita ex-wife |
| arki- ark- |
denotes arch, senior, main |
arkianjele archangel |
arkepiskopo archbishop |
arkenemike arch-enemy |
| pseudo- | denotes pseudo-, false |
pseudo-sientie pseudo-science |
pseudo-romanti pseudo-romantic |
pseudo-profete pseudoprophet |
Sufixes
modifikaSubstantivali sufixes
modifika| -eso | to form abstracts, denotes state of being | vereso truth, state of being true |
febleso weakness |
venkateso defeat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -o | forms verbal nouns | ploro weeping |
opino thinking, opinion |
sentio feeling, feel |
| -(t)ione | denotes partly the result (as a whole) or the resulting state, partly the way or manner in which something is done | definitione definition |
evolutione evolution |
satisfaktione satisfaction |
| -um | denotes the product of action (as distinct from the way in which it is done) to be added to the passive participle | fabrikatum manufactured article |
printatum printed matter |
kopiatum copy, something copied |
| -ure | denotes the result or product (as distinct from the act itself) | pikture picture |
inventure invention |
fotografure photograph |
| -ere -iste |
denote operator or person occupied with | bakere baker |
konsiliste councillor |
klimere climber |
| -iste | used for human beings, denotes adherents of a doctrine or those occupied in certain professions | ateiste atheist |
dentiste dentist |
sientiiste scientist |
| -isme | denotes doctrine | ateisme atheism |
kapitalisme capitalism |
sosialisme socialism |
| -iere | denotes a person or thing characterized by a certain object or considered as its bearer | pomiere apple tree |
kandeliere candle holder |
milioniere millionnaire |
| -arie | denotes recipient of an action, the person for whom something is destined | sendarie addressee |
pagarie payee |
mandatarie mandate holder |
| -ia | denotes the domain, province or country of someone | Anglia England |
filosofia philosophy |
printeria printing office |
| -torie | denotes place where something is done | observatorie observatory |
dormitorie dormitory |
promenatorie promenade |
| -aje | denotes something made of, consisting of, having the character of | lanaje woolen goods |
lignaje woodwork |
subtilaje (a) subtlety |
| -ede | denotes quantity which fills something | kulierede spoonful |
manuede handful |
bokede mouthful |
| -aro | denotes a collection, group, or set of things | homaro mankind |
vortaro vocabulary |
aristokrataro aristocracy |
| -ide | denotes descendant | Atreide son of Atreus |
regide person of royal blood |
Napoleonide descendant of Napoleon |
| -yune | denotes young one | bovyune calf |
hanyune chick |
katyune kitten |
Verbali sufixes
modifika| -ira | denotes living beings acting as | profetira to prophesy |
rivalira to rival |
rebelira to rebel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -isa -ifika |
to make into, transform into, render | justifika to justify |
rektifika to rectify |
modernisa to modernize |
| -isa | to provide with, supply with, cover with | armisa to arm |
harmonisa to harmonize |
spisa to spice |
| -ada | denotes repeated or continuous action | frapada to go on beating |
kantada to keep on singing |
parlada to keep on speaking |
| -eska | denotes the beginning of an action or state | dormieska to fall asleep |
videska to perceive |
paleska to turn pale |
Adjektivali sufixes
modifika| -al | denotes relating to – before this suffix any final vowel of the word is dropped except -u which is retained |
universal universal |
national national |
sexual sexual |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -an | denotes inhabiting or belonging to a class or party | italian Italian |
urban urban |
akademian academic |
| -ari | denotes agreeing with or fit for | reglari regular |
populari popular |
ordinari ordinary |
| -osi | denotes having, especially in large quantity | porosi porous |
kurajosi courageous |
danjerosi dangerous |
| -isi | denotes a very high degree | grandisi enormous |
varmisi hot |
belisi gorgeous |
| -iv(i) | denotes doing naturally or capable of doing | instruktiv instructive |
sugestiv suggestive |
atraktiv attractive |
| -asi | denotes having the tendency or inclination to | disputasi quarrelsome |
laborasi hard-working |
atakasi combative |
| -bli | denotes what is susceptible to the verb (English -ble) | lektebli readable |
explikabli explicable |
audibli audible |
| -endi | denotes that must be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remains |
lektendi that must be read |
faendi compulsory |
soluendi that must be solved, to be solved |
| -indi | denotes that deserves to be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remains |
lektindi that is worth reading |
fidindi trustworthy |
preferindi preferable |
Generali sufixes
modifika| -et- | diminutive suffix | riverete brook |
varmeti lukewarm |
rideta to smile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -on- | denotes greatness, quantity | pluvono heavy rain |
ridona to guffaw |
ridono guffaw |
| -ach- | denotes contempt | kavalacha nag |
jurnalacharo the gutter press |
kriacha to shriek |
Nombrali sufixes
modifika| -anti | forms tens | duanti twenty |
trianti thirty |
otanti eighty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -o | forms nouns from numerals | duo duo |
trio trio |
dekduo dozen |
| -esmi | forms ordinal numbers | unesmi first |
duantesmi twentieth |
sentesmi hundredth |
| -ime | forms fractions | duime a half |
sixime a sixth |
sentime a hundredth |
| -opli | multiplying suffix | duopli double |
triopli triple |
multopli multiple |
| -opim | forms distributive adverbs | triopim in threes |
pokopim little by little |
gutopim in drops |
Adverbial Sufixes
modifika| -tem | (from temp) denotes time | nultem never |
irgitem any time, no matter when |
ultem ever, any time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -foy | denotes time in repetition, occasion | dufoy twice |
altrifoy another time, on another occasion |
kelkifoy sometimes |
| -lok | denotes place | omnilok everywhere |
nulilok nowhere |
altrilok somewhere else |
| -kas | (from kasu) denotes case | omnikas in every case |
irgikas anyway, in any case when |
tikas in that case |
| -grad | denotes degree | altigrad to a high degree |
kelkigrad to some extent, fairly |
pokigrad to a small extent, slightly |
| -man | (from manere) denotes manner | omniman in every way |
altriman in another way, differently |
samiman in the same way |
| -m | (from -man-) forms adverbs | privatim privately |
seperatim separately |
spesialim specially |
Partikles
modifikaPrepositiones
modifikaKorelatives
modifika| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | que (-o, -a) | te (-o, -a) | kelke (-o, -a) | omnes | nule (-o, -a) |
| thing | quu | tu | kelku | omnus/omnes | nulu |
| quality | quali | tali | |||
| place | quilok/vor | tilok/dar | kelkilok | omnilok | nulilok |
| time | quitem/quand | titem/tand | kelkitem | omnitem/sempre | nulitem |
| amount | quantu | tantu | kelku | omnu | nulu |
| method | quiman/qualim/qualiman | timan/talim/taliman | kelkiman | omniman | nuliman |
| reason | quirez | tirez | kelkirez | omnirez | nulirez |
| ownership | quen/quun | ten/tun | kelken/kelkun | omnen/omnun | nulen/nulun |
Literature
modifikaLu non ha exista literature in Novial. Li maxim parte del textus in Novialiste did es debatos pri li lingue.
Otto Jespersen did tradukte Li Empereren novi vestes[5] e on pove trova du chapritres tradukdet de Li Sorsiere de Oz, fat ye 2005[6][7].
Vicente Costalago publisat Mikri Antologie li 23 de june 2022.[8]
KardonaBoske did tradukte Li Asne e li Farmere (Fable da Aesop) li 22 Oktober 2023[9].
Liste de libres:
- Novi Ekonomia Sosial, da J. Barral[10]
Novialides
modifikaNovialide es projektes kel eforta plubonisa Novial.
Fro li komense, Novial ha es kritikat e li kreere e altri ha proba plubonisa li lingue.
Kelki novialides es:
- da li Novial Revisione Komite (a.k.k. "Grupe Novial", "Novial98")
- da James Chandler
- Novial Pro, da Marcos Franco
- Eurial, da B. Phillip Jonsson (nuli pagine; prega nunifikos per e-posto [request updates by emailing] eurial@geocities.com)
- da Jay Bowks
- Proyo, es li maxim developad novialide.
- Reformad Novial, da Vicente Costalago
Vida anke
modifika- Un International Lingue (1928) Li original angli libre kun novial traduktione (in konstruktione).
- Novial Lexike (1930) Multilingual lexike de novial.
- Komparo inter Novial e Esperanto
- Komparo inter Novial e Ido
Referenties
modifika- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj". Archived from the original on 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
- ↑ Plubonisat novial
- ↑ Jespersen, Otto (1938) Men labore por un international lingue: 1. Ante li mondemilite, in Novialiste 19
- ↑ Novial-Informatione
- ↑ "Li Empereren novi vestes". Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
- ↑ Li Siklone
- ↑ Li Konsilo kun li Munchkines
- ↑ Mikri antologie
- ↑ Li Asne e li Farmere (Fable da Aesop)
- ↑ Inter Nos
Bibliografia
modifika- Auerbach, Siegfried. 1930. Pri nommediati derivatione in li internacional lingues en A Grammatical Miscellany to Otto Jespersen (on his seventiehn birthday) Levin + Munksgaard (Copenhague) / George Allen and Unwin (London).
- *Jacob, Henry. 1943. Otto Jespersen. His Work for an International Auxiliary Language. International Language (Ido) Society of Great Britain. [1] (en inglés)
- Jacob, Henry. 1947. Chapter IV Novial (1928) by Otto Jespersen en A Planned Auxiliary Language. [2] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1928. An International Language. Allen and Unwin, London. [3] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1930. Novial Lexique. Carl Winter's. Heidelberg. [4] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1934. Plubonisat novial, en Novialiste N° 1. [5] (en novial)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1937. Pri reformes in novial, en Novialiste N° 18 diciembre de 1937. [6] (en novial)
Externi linkes
modifika- An International Language: Li 1928 libre da Jespersen kel introdukted novial.
- Novial Lexike: Novial en anglum, fransum e germanum lexike.
- Novial Wiki Book: Novial kursu por komenseres (anglim).
- Novial Discussion Group: Novial diskuse-grupe che Yahoo!
- Kurti deskriptione de 1928 Novial (anglim)
- Kurti deskriptione del 1930 version (anglim)
- Novial '98
- NOVIAL PRO: A short comparative description (anglim)
- Introdukte a Novial
| Konstrukteti lingues | |
|---|---|
| International auxiliari lingues: | |
| Adjuvilo · Esperanto · Globasa · Glosa · Idiom Neutral · Ido · Interlingua · Interlingue (Occidental) · Interslavum · Latino sine Flexione · Lingua Franca Nova · Neo · Novial · Romanica · Sona · Volapük | |
| Logikal e filosofikal lingues: | |
| Ceqli · Ithkuil · Láadan · Loglan · Lojban · Toki Pona · Vorlin | |
| Artisti e fiktiv lingues: | |
| Brithenig · Klingonum · Lingua Ignota · Lydnevi · Quenya · Sindarin · Talossanum · Wenedyk |