Lihat sumber bagi Sindrom pernafasan akut teruk

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{{about|sindrom 2001–2003|sindrom 2012–2013|Sindrom pernafasan Timur Tengah|sindrom 2019–2020|Penyakit koronavirus 2019}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Sindrom pernafasan akut teruk
| synonyms      = 
| pronounce     = SARS {{IPAc-en|s|ɑː|z}}
| image         = SARS virion.gif
| caption       = Mikrograf elektron penyakit SARS
| field         = [[Penyakit berjangkit]]
| symptoms      = 
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| types         = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
|alt=
}}

'''Sindrom pernafasan akut teruk''' ('''SARS'''; {{lang-en|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}}) ialah sejenis penyakit pernafasan virus asal [[zoonotik]] yang diakibatkan oleh [[SARS-CoV|koronavirus SARS]] (SARS-CoV). Antara November 2002 dan Julai 2003, penularan SARS di [[China utara dan selatan|China selatan]] menyebabkan 8,098 kes, membawa kepada 774 kematian dilaporkan di 17 negara,<ref name="PMID 16978751">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004 |pmid=16978751 |title=Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=3113–23 |year=2006 |last1=Smith |first1=Richard D }}</ref> dengan majoriti kes berlaku tanah besar China dan Hong Kong<ref name="who:table2004_04_21">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html|title=Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=31 October 2008}}</ref> (9.6% kadar kematian) menurut [[Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia]] (WHO).<ref name="who:table2004_04_21" /><!-- old unsourced figures: "with 9856 known cases of the disease, and 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%)." --> Tiada kes SARS telah dilaporkan sejak 2004.<ref name="nhssars">{{cite web |title=SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/SARS/Pages/Introduction.aspx|website=[[NHS Choices]]|publisher=[[National Health Service]] |accessdate=8 March 2016 |location=United Kingdom |date=3 October 2014 |quote=Since 2004, there haven't been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.}}</ref> Pada lewat 2017, saintis China mengesan virus melalui perantara civet untuk kelawar kuda yang tinggal di gua di wilayah [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/10/sars-virus-bats-china-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome|title=Scientists trace 2002 Sars virus to colony of cave-dwelling bats in China|last=McKie|first=Robin|date=10 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref>

== Tanda dan gejala ==
Gejala awal ialah [[selesema]] dan mungkin termasuk [[demam]], sakit [[otot]], gejala [[keletihan]], [[batuk]], sakit tekak, dan gejala tidak spesifik lain. Satu-satunya gejala yang biasa kepada semua pesakit kelihatan demam melebihi 38&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F). SARS akhirnya mengakibatkan [[sesak nafas]] dan [[pneumonia]]; sama ada pneumonia virus secara langsung atau pneumonia bakteria sekunder.

[[Tempoh inkubasi]] purata untuk SARS ialah 4-6 hari, walaupun jarang boleh serendah 1 hari atau selama 14 hari.<ref name=":2">{{Cite document|last=World Health Organization|date=2003|title=Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)|language=en|journal=|volume=|pages=|hdl=10665/70863}}</ref>

== Epidemiologi ==
{{main|Wabak SARS 2002–2004}}

SARS ialah penyakit yang jarang berlaku; pada akhir wabak pada Jun 2003, kejadian itu ialah 8,422 kes dengan kadar kematian (CFR) sebanyak 11%.<ref name="Chan2003">{{cite journal|last1=Chan-Yeung|first1=M|last2=Xu|first2=RH|title=SARS: epidemiology|journal=Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)|date=November 2003|volume=8 Suppl|pages=S9–14|pmid=15018127|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x}}</ref>

Kadar kes kematian (CFR) berkisar dari 0% hingga 50% bergantung kepada kumpulan umur pesakit. Pesakit di bawah umur 24 tahun tidak mungkin mati (kurang daripada 1%); mereka yang berusia 65 tahun dan lebih tua yang paling mungkin mati (lebih 55%).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92458/|title=SARS: Down But Still a Threat|last=Monaghan|first=Karen J.|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:2003 Probable cases of SARS - Worldwide.svg|400px|thumb|Kebarangkalian kes SARS 2003 - Seluruh dunia]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 430px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; padding:0.3em; font-size:1em; background:;|'''Kebarangkalian kes SARS mengikut negara dan rantau,'''
'''1 November 2002 – 31 Julai 2003'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 |date=21 April 2004 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/}}</ref>
|-
|'''Negara atau wilayah'''||style="text-align:right;|'''Kes'''||style="text-align:right;|'''Kematian'''||style="text-align:right;|'''Korban (%)'''
|- align=right
|align=left|{{CHN}} (tanah besar)*||5,327||349||6.6
|- align=right
|align=left|{{HKG}}||1,755||299||17.0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{TWN}} **||346||37||10.7
|- align=right
|align=left|{{CAN}}||251||43||17.1
|- align=right
|align=left|{{SGP}}||238||33||13.9
|- align=right
|align=left|{{VNM}}||63||5||7.9
|- align=right
|align=left|{{USA}}
||27||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{PHL}}||14||2||14.3
|- align=right
|align=left|{{THA}}||9||2||22.2
|- align=right
|align=left|{{GER}}||9||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{MGL}}||9||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{FRA}}||7||1||14.3
|- align=right
|align=left|{{AUS}}||6||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{MAS}}||5||2||40.0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{SWE}}||5||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{GBR}}||4||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{ITA}}||4||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{IND}}||3||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{KOR}}||3||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{INA}}||2||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{RSA}}||1||1||100.0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{KUW}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{IRL}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{MAC}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{NZL}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{ROM}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{RUS}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{ESP}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|align=left|{{CHE}}||1||0||0
|- align=right
|style="text-align:left|{{nowrap|Jumlah tidak termasuk China}}||2,769||425||15.3
|- align=right
|style="text-align:left|'''Jumlah (29 wilayah)'''||'''8,096'''||'''774'''||'''9.6'''
|-
| colspan=5 style="font-size: smaller;" | ''* — Angka untuk (tanah besar) China tidak termasuk Hong Kong dan Macau, yang dilaporkan secara berasingan oleh [[World Health Organization|WHO]].''
|-
| colspan=5 style="font-size: smaller;" | ''** — Selepas 11 Julai 2003, 325 kes Taiwan telah 'dibuang'. Maklumat makmal tidak mencukupi atau tidak lengkap untuk 135 kes yang dibuang; 101 pesakit ini meninggal dunia.''
|}

==Haiwan==
Sejumlah kecil kucing dan anjing telah diuji positif untuk virus semasa wabak itu. Walau bagaimanapun, haiwan ini tidak menghantar virus ke haiwan lain dari spesies yang sama atau kepada manusia.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-51747782</ref><ref>https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-reports-that-the-previously-reported-pet-dog-in-hong-kong-has-repeatedly-tested-weak-positive-for-covid-19-virus/</ref>

==Masyarakat dan budaya==
Ketakutan untuk menjangkiti virus daripada memakan haiwan liar yang dijangkiti mengakibatkan larangan awam dan perniagaan yang dikurangkan untuk pasaran daging di selatan China dan Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3567670 |doi=10.1525/aa.2005.107.1.031 |title=Civet Cats, Fried Grasshoppers, and David Beckham's Pajamas: Unruly Bodies after SARS |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |year=2005 |last1=Zhan |first1=MEI |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6sk8w3xk }}</ref>

==Lihat juga==
* [[Wabak SARS 2002–2004|Garis masa wabak SARS]] – wabak SARS seluruh dunia dari 2002–2004
* [[MERS-CoV]] – koronavirus yang ditemui pada Jun 2012 di Arab Saudi 
* [[Koronavirus sindrom pernafasan akut teruk 2|SARS-CoV-2]] – koronavirus yang ditemui pada Disember 2019 di China dan menyebabkan [[pandemik COVID-19|pandemik koronavirus 2019–20]]
* [[Influenza burung]]
* [[Wabak selesema babi 2009]]
* [[Zhong Nanshan]]
* [[Carlo Urbani]]
* [[Penyebar super]]

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Bacaan lanjut==
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1378/chest.125.6.2345 |pmid=15189961 |title=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Complicated by Spontaneous Pneumothorax |journal=Chest |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=2345–51 |year=2004 |last1=Sihoe |first1=Alan D.L |last2=Wong |first2=Randolph H.L |last3=Lee |first3=Alex T.H |last4=Lau |first4=Lee Sung |last5=Leung |first5=Natalie Y.Y |last6=Law |first6=Kin Ip |last7=Yim |first7=Anthony P.C }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.339.6125.1264 |pmid=23493690 |title=War Stories |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6125 |pages=1264–8 |year=2013 |last1=Enserink |first1=M }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.339.6125.1266 |pmid=23493691 |title=SARS: Chronology of the Epidemic |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6125 |pages=1266–71 |year=2013 |last1=Enserink |first1=M }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.339.6125.1269 |pmid=23493692 |title=Understanding the Enemy |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6125 |pages=1269–73 |year=2013 |last1=Normile |first1=D }}

==Pautan luar==
{{Commons category|SARS}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817112159/http://www.vrc.nih.gov/ Vaccine Research Center] Information regarding preventative vaccine research studies
*[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/severeacuterespiratorysyndrome.html MedlinePlus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome] News, links and information from The United States National Library of Medicine.
*[http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)] Symptoms and treatment guidelines, travel advisory, and daily outbreak updates. From the World Health Organization (WHO).
*[https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)] Information on the international outbreak of the illness known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Provided by the US Centers for Disease Control
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080420065250/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/sars-sras/index.html Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)] Information on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – For Health Professionals from the Public Health Agency of Canada.
*[http://archive.rogancoles.com/-/galleries/features/sars-hong-kong Life in Hong Kong during SARS] – a gallery of images reflecting daily life in Hong Kong during the 2003 SARS outbreak.
*[http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2010/09/cprl1-1009.html What we can learn from SARS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420104708/http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2010/09/cprl1-1009.html |date=2012-04-20 }} Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)—Lessons for Future Pandemics
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=corona Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312042413/http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=corona |date=2013-03-12 }}
* [http://behradcompany.com/2016/09/02/%D8%AC%DA%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%86-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87/ خرید و مقایسه جک بتن شکن]

;Lain-lain
*NIOSH Topic Area: [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/SARS/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)]
*NIOSH Publication: [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/respsars.html Understanding Respiratory Protection Against SARS]

{{SARS}}

[[Kategori:Penyakit dan gangguan]]
[[Kategori:WPPER]]
[[Kategori:Sarbecovirus]]
[[Kategori:Sindrom pernafasan akut teruk]]

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