Lihat sumber bagi Christoph Willibald Gluck

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[[Fail:Joseph Siffred Duplessis - Christoph Willibald Gluck - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|kiri|Gluck, potret oleh Joseph Duplessis, bertarikh 1775 (di muzium Kunsthistorisches Museum, [[Vienna]])]]
'''''Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck''''' (Julai 2, 1714 di Erasbach, [[Jerman]] – November 15, 1787 di [[Vienna]]) adalah seorang [[penggubah]] abad ke-18 yang amat dikenali untuk karya-karya [[opera]] beliau.

Antara karya-karya radikal beliau termasuklah ''Orfeo ed Euridice'' dan ''Alceste'' yang menggugat kekuatan [[opera seria]] Metastasio yang amat terkenal pada zaman itu. Pengaruh kuat dari [[opera]] [[Perancis]] mendorong Gluck untuk berpindah ke [[Paris]] pada November 1773. Beliau menggubah karya – karya baru beliau dengan menggabungkan tradisi [[opera]] [[Itali]] dan [[Perancis]] untuk menghasilkan banyak [[opera]] –[[opera]] terkenal. Salah satu daripadanya adaah Iphigénie en Tauride yang mendapat sambutan hangat dan dianggap sebagai karya beliau yang terbaik.

Walaupun beliau telah menjadi amat terkenal dan banyak diberi pujian kerana bertanggungjawab membawa revolusi di dalam [[opera]] [[Perancis]], namun kejayaan Gluck bukanlah kejayaan yang mutlak. Setelah menerima sambutan dingin untuk [[opera]] ''Echo et Narcisse'', beliau meninggalkan [[Paris]] dengan perasaan yang amat terhina dan kembali ke [[Vienna]] dan menetap di situ sehingga ke akhir hayat beliau.

== Opera ==
* ''Artaserse'', Milan 26 Disember 1741
* ''Demetrio'', Venice 2 Mei 1742
* ''Demofoonte'', Milan 6 Januari 1743
* ''Tigrane'', Crema 26 September 1743
* ''Sofonisba'' (atau ''Siface''), Milan 18 Januari 1744
* ''La finta schiava'' Venice 13 Mei 1744
* ''Ipermestra'', Venice 21 November 1744
* ''Poro'', [[Wilayah Turin|Turin]] 26 Disember 1744
* ''Ippolito'', Milan 31 Januari 1745
* ''La caduta de' Giganti'' Haymarket Theatre, London 7 Januari 1746
* ''Artamene'', Haymarket Theatre, London 4 Mac 1746
* ''Le nozze d'Ercole e d'Ebe'' Pillnitz 29 June 1747
* ''La Semiramide riconosciuta'', Aachen 5 Mei 1748
* ''La contesa de' Numi'' Charlottenburg 9 April 1749
* ''Ezio'' [[Praha|Prague]] 26 Disember 1749
* ''Issipile'' Prague 1751-1752
* ''La clemenza di Tito'', Naples 4 November 1752
* ''Le Cinesi'', Vienna, 24 September 1754
* ''La Danza'', Vienna, 5 Mei 1755
* ''L'innocenza giustificata'', Vienna, 8 Disember 1755
* ''Antigono'', Rom, 9 Februari 1756
* ''Il rè pastore'', Vienna, 8 Disember 1756
* ''La fausse esclave'', Vienna, 8 Januari 1758
* ''L'ile de Merlin, ou Le monde renversé'', Vienna, 3 October 1758
* ''La Cythère assiégée'', Vienna, awal 1759
* ''Le diable à quatre, ou La double métamorphose'' 1759
* ''L'arbre enchanté, ou Le tuteur dupé'' 1759
* ''L'ivrogne corrigé'', Vienna, April 1760
* ''Tetide'', Vienna, 10 October 1760
* ''Don Juan '' (balet), Vienna, 17 October 1761
* ''Le cadi dupé'', Vienna, 9 Disember 1761
* ''Orfeo ed Euridice'', Vienna 5 October 1762, semakan Paris 2 August 1774, [http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Orphee1783.pdf skor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229065737/http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Orphee1783.pdf |date=2008-02-29 }}
* ''Il trionfo di Clelia'', Bologna, 14 Mei 1763
* ''La rencontre imprévue'', Vienna, 7 Januari 1764
* ''Il Parnaso Confuso'', Vienna, 24 Januari 1765
* ''Telemaco, o sia l'isola di Circe'', Vienna, 30 Januari 1765
* ''La Corona'' (tidak dipersembahkan, cadangan untuk 4 October 1765)
* ''Il Prologo'', 1767 (muzik pembukaan oleh Tommaso Traetta)
* ''Alceste'', Vienna 26 Disember 1767, semakan Paris 23 April 1776, [http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Alceste1776.pdf skor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229070130/http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Alceste1776.pdf |date=2008-02-29 }}
* ''Le Feste d'Apollo'', Parma, 24 August 1769
* ''Paride ed Elena'', Vienna 3 November 1770
* ''Iphigénie en Aulide'', Paris 19 April 1774, [http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Iphigenie_Boieldieu1811.pdf skor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229070028/http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Iphigenie_Boieldieu1811.pdf |date=2008-02-29 }}
* ''Armide'', Paris 23 September 1777, [http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Armide1783.pdf skor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229065649/http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Armide1783.pdf |date=2008-02-29 }}
* ''Iphigénie en Tauride'', Paris 18 Mei 1779
* ''Echo et Narcisse'', Paris 24 September 1779, [http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Echo1779.pdf skor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229065914/http://www.library.unt.edu/music/assets/vrbr/Echo1779.pdf |date=2008-02-29 }}

== Buku rujukan ==
* Bruce Alan Brown, Julian Rushton: ''Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck.'' GroveOnline: 11 November 2007
* Bruce Alan Brown: ''Gluck and the French Theatre in Vienna.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991

== Bacaan lanjut ==
* A. A. Abert: Christoph Willibald Gluck (Munich, 1959)
* P. Howard: Gluck and the Birth of Modern Opera (London, 1963)
* W. Felix: Christoph Willibald Gluck (Leipzig, 1965)
* D. Heartz: ‘From Garrick to Gluck: the Reform of Theatre and Opera in the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, PRMA, xciv (1967–8), 111–27
* J. Rushton: ‘The Musician Gluck’, MT, cxxvi (1987), 615–18
* J. Kerman: Opera as Drama (New York, 1956, 2/1989)
* F. W. Sternfeld: ‘Expression and Revision in Gluck’s Orfeo and Alceste’, Essays Presented to Egon Wellesz (Oxford, 1966), 114–29
* P. Howard: ‘“Orfeo” and “Orphée”’, MT, cviii (1967), 892–4
* P. Howard: ‘Gluck’s Two Alcestes: a Comparison’, MT, cxv (1974), 642–3
* O. F. Saloman: Aspects of Gluckian Operatic Thought and Practice in France (diss., Columbia U., 1970)
* J. Rushton: ‘Iphigénie en Tauride: the Operas of Gluck and Piccinni’, ML, liii (1972), 411–30
* M. Noiray: Gluck’s Methods of Composition in his French Operas ‘Iphigénie en Aulide’, ‘Orphée’, ‘Iphigénie en Tauride’ (diss., U. of Oxford, 1979
* P. Howard: ‘Armide: a Forgotten Masterpiece’, Opera, xxx (1982), 572–6
* J. Rushton: ‘“Royal Agamemnon”: the Two Versions of Gluck’s Iphigénie en Aulide’, Music and the French Revolution, ed. M. Boyd (Cambridge, 1992), 15–36

== Pautan luar ==
* {{ChoralWiki}}
* {{IckingArchive|idx=Gluck|name=Christoph Willibald Gluck}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Gluck%2C_Cristoph_Willibald|cname=Christoph Willibald Gluck}}

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