Aiuto:AFI/Rus
(Readressà da Aiuto:IPA/Rus)
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Rus on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Rus in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëla Help:IPA. Per la desfrënzia danter [ ], / / y ⟨ ⟩, cëla IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
Template:Inline audio The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.[1]
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
Notes
mudé- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Even though /ts/ and its voicing [dz] are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,15 2,16 2,17 2,18 2,19 2,20 2,21 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] (and their voiced counterparts [dz] and [dʑ]) are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ] ([d͡z] and [d͡ʑ]). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Template:Angbr is usually pronounced Template:IPAblink or (word-finally) Template:IPAblink in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Template:Audio-lang and Template:Audio-lang, and in the interjections Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] Template:Harvcol. /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce Template:Angbr as Template:IPAblink (soft Template:IPAblink, devoiced Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink) throughout.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Intervocalic Template:Angbr represents /v/ in certain words (Template:Audio-lang, Template:Audio-lang, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ The soft vowel letters Template:Angbr represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for Template:Angbr, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter Template:Angbr produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized Template:IPAblink, but that feature is not distinctive Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce Template:Angbr in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ Template:Angbr is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix Template:Angbr and the root Template:Angbr.
- ↑ Geminated Template:IPAblink is pronounced as soft Template:IPAblink, the voiced counterpart to Template:IPAblink, in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Template:Harvcoltxt).
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Unstressed /a/ and /o/ regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced [ɐ] in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and [ə] in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to [ɐ] only immediately before the stress, being realized [ə] otherwise.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr except when word-final.[mancia na referënza]
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in words of foreign origin.
References
mudé- Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
- Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Template:SOWL
- Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
See also
mudé- Template:ru-IPA for the Wiktionary template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words