Abstract
In the era of modern technology, the demand for seamless and fast communication service is gradually increasing. Moreover, as time goes on, more devices are getting connected to the network. In the vast network, for quick responses to these devices, the delay becomes one of the important factors to concern about. Among different types, Queuing delay causes more impact on a network compared to other delays. A survey on delay, different models, effects, and management are illustrated here. Queuing models, like Little Theorem, M/M/1, M/M/m, M/G/1, etc, are discussed in detail. We move on explaining the delay effects on different types of the network such as Wireless network, Mobile communication network, SDN, IoT, etc. This paper also focuses on TCP/IP fields like ECN bits, MPLS, and characteristics of flows. Lastly, the effects of delay on other related networking are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Little JD, Graves SC (2008) Little’s law. Building intuition. Springer, Berlin, pp 81–100
Di Crescenzo A, Giorno V, Kumar BK, Nobile AG (2018) M/m/1 queue in two alternating environments and its heavy traffic approximation. J Math Anal Appl 465(2):973–1001
Horvath I, Razumchik R, Telek M (2019) The resampling m/g/1 non- preemptive lifo queue and its application to systems with uncertain service time. Perform Eval
Chen G, Liu Z, Zhang J (2019) The effect of d-policy on the strategic customer behavior in m/ g/ 1 queues. Oper Res Lett 47(3):157–161
Wang W, Sun Y, Zheng K, Kaafar MA, Li D, Li Z (2014) “Freeway: Adaptively isolating the elephant and mice flows on different transmission paths,” In: 2014 IEEE 22nd international conference on network protocols, pp. 362–367, IEEE
Carra D (2014)“Controlling the delay of small flows in datacenters,” In: 2014 IEEE 34th international conference on distributed computing systems 13 workshops (ICDCSW), pp. 70–75, IEEE,
Hegde S, Koolagudi SG, Bhattacharya S (2015) Scalable and fair forwarding of elephant and mice traffic in software defined networks. Comput Netw 92:330–340
Zaw HT, Maw AH (2017) “Elephant flow detection and delay-aware flow rerouting in software-defined network,” In: 2017 9th international conference on information technology and electrical engineering (ICITEE), pp. 1–6, IEEE
Tang Q, Zhang H, Dong J, Lianming Z (2020) Elephant Flow Detection Mechanism in SDN-Based Data Center Networks. Scientific Programming
Hamdan M, Bushra M, Usman H, Ahmed A, Suleman K, Akhtar Ali M, Imran M, Nadzir Marsono M (2020) Flow-aware elephant flow detection for software-defined networks. IEEE Access 8:72585–72597
Luo J, Jin J, Shan F (2017) Standardization of low-latency tcp with explicit congestion notification: A survey. IEEE Int Comput 21(1):48–55
Ramakrishnan K, Floyd S, Black D (2001) “The addition of explicit congestion notification (ecn) to ip,” tech. rep., 2001
Kuzmanovic A, Mondal A, Floyd S, Ramakrishnan K (2009) “Adding explicit congestion notification (ecn) capability to tcp’s syn/ack packets,” tech. rep.,
Karakus M, Durresi A (2019) An economic framework for analysis of network architectures: SDN and MPLS cases. J Netw Comput Appl 136:132–146
Nakazawa S, Tamura H, Kawahara K, Oie Y (2002) Performance analysis of ip datagram transmission delay in mpls: impact of both number and bandwidth of lsps of layer 2. IEICE Trans Commun 85(1):165–172
Zhu Y, Zhang, Y, Ying C, Lu W (2009)“Queuing model based end-to-end performance evaluation for mpls virtual private networks,” In: 2009 IFIP/IEEE international symposium on integrated network management, pp. 482–488, IEEE
Koohanestani AK, Osgouei AG, Saidi H, Fanian A (2017) An analytical model for delay bound of openflow based sdn using network calculus. J Netw Comput Appl 96:31–38
Xiong B, Yang K, Zhao J, Li W, Li K (2016) Performance evaluation of openflow-based software-defined networks based on queueing model. Comput Netw 102:172–185
Boero L, Cello M, Garibotto C, Marchese M, Mongelli M (2016) Beaqos: Load balancing and deadline management of queues in an openflow sdn switch. Comput Netw 106:161–170
Ozcevik ME, Canberk B, Duong TQ (2017) End-to-end delay modeling of heterogeneous traffic flows in software defined 5g networks. Ad Hoc Netw 60:26–39
Haiyan M, Jinyao Y, Georgopoulos P, Plattner B (2016) Towards sdn based queuing delay estimation. China Commun 13(3):27–36
Kumar R, Hasan M, Padhy S, Evchenko K, Piramanayagam L, Mohan S, Bobba RB (2017) “End-to-end network delay guarantees for real-time systems using sdn,” In: 2017 IEEE real-time systems symposium (RTSS), pp. 231–242, IEEE,
Xiao P, Li Z, Guo S, Qi H, Qu W, Yu H (2016) A k self-adaptive sdn controller placement for wide area networks. Front Inf Technol Electron Eng 17(7):620–633
Heller B, Sherwood R, McKeown N (2012) “The controller placement problem,” In: Proceedings of the first workshop on Hot topics in software defined networks, pp. 7–12, ACM
Ateya AA, Muthanna A, Vybornova A, Algarni AD, Abuarqoub A, Koucheryavy Y, Koucheryavy A (2019) Chaotic salp swarm algorithm for sdn multi-controller networks. Eng Sci Technol Int J 22(4):1001–1012
Farshin A, Sharifian S (2017) A chaotic grey wolf controller allocator for software defined mobile network (sdmn) for 5th generation of cloud-based cellular systems (5g). Comput Commun 108:94–109
Zhao Z, Wu B (2017) Scalable sdn architecture with distributed placement of controllers for wan. Concurr Comput: Practice Exp 29(16):e4030
Tootoonchian A, Gorbunov S, Ganjali Y, Casado M, Sherwood R (2012) On controller performance in software-defined networks. Hot-ICE 12:1–6
Qin Q, Poularakis K, Iosifidis G, Kompella S, Tassiulas L (2018) Sdn controller placement with delay-overhead balancing in wireless edge networks. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manage 15(4):1446–1459
Venkatesh K, Srinivas L, Krishnan MM, Shanthini A (2019) Qos improvisation of delay sensitive communication using sdn based multipath routing for medical applications. Future Gener Comput Syst 93:256–265
Chamola V, Tham CK, Gurunarayanan S, Ansari N (2020) An optimal delay aware task assignment scheme for wireless SDN networked edge cloudlets. Future Gener Comput Syst 102:862–875
Luo L, Chai R, Yuan Q, Li J, Mei C (2020) End-to-end delay minimization-based joint rule caching and flow forwarding algorithm for SDN. IEEE Access 8:145227–145241
Ghadimi E, Khonsari A, Diyanat A, Farmani M, Yazdani N (2011) An analytical model of delay in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Wireless Netw 17(7):1679–1697
Dong L, Shu Y, Chen H, Ma M (2008) Packet delay analysis on ieee 802.11 dcf under finite load traffic in multi-hop ad hoc networks. Sci China Ser F: Inform Sci 51(4):408–416
Capone A, Li Y, Pioro M, Yuan D (2019) Minimizing end-to-end delay in multi-hop wireless networks with optimized transmission scheduling. Ad Hoc Netw 89:236–248
Tardioli D, Parasuraman R, Ogren P (2019) Pound: A multi-master ros node for reducing delay and jitter in wireless multi-robot networks. Robot Autonom Syst 111:73–87
Wen S, Huang C (2019) Asynchronous distributed optimization via dual decomposition for delay-constrained flying ad hoc networks. Comput Commun 137:70–80
Jun T, Roy N, Julien C (2010) “Modeling delivery delay for flooding in mobile ad hoc networks,” In: 2010 IEEE international conference on communications, pp. 1–6, IEEE
Mahdian M, Yeh EM, Mahdian M, Yeh EM (2017) Throughput and delay scaling of content-centric ad hoc and heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw (TON) 25(5):3030–3043
Zoppi S, Van Bemten A, Gursu HM, Vilgelm M, Guck J, Kellerer W (2018) Achieving hybrid wired/wireless industrial networks with wdetserv: Reliability-based scheduling for delay guarantees. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 14(5):2307–2319
Shi Q, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zheng G, Yu FR, Chen H-H (2017) Energy-efficiency versus delay tradeoff in wireless networks virtualization. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(1):837–841
Kumar A, Sukumaran VB (2017) Scheduling policies for wireless downlink with correlated random connectivity and multislot reconfiguration delay. IEEE Commun Lett 22(2):384–387
Hsu YP (2020) Delay-aware wireless network coding in adversarial traffic. IEEE Trans Commun 68(9):5619–5632
Malarvizhi K, Jayashree LS (2020) Dynamic scheduling and congestion control for minimizing delay in multihop wireless networks. J Ambient Intell Humanized Comput 12(3):1–9
Yin J, Wang Y, Wang X (2009) “Delay analysis of large-scale wireless sensor networks,” In: International conference on mobile computing, applications, and services, pp. 355–365, Springer
Wu S, Niu J, Chou W, Guizani M (2016) Delay-aware energy optimization for flooding in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 15(12):8449–8462
Chen Q, Gao H, Cheng S, Fang X, Cai Z, Li J (2017) Centralized and distributed delay-bounded scheduling algorithms for multicast in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 25(6):3573–3586
Liu Y, Liu A, Zhang N, Liu X, Ma M, Hu Y (2019) Ddc: Dynamic duty cycle for improving delay and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. J Netw Comput Appl 131:16–27
Haghrah AA, Tinati MA, Rezaii TY (2019) Analysis of incremental lms adaptive algorithm over wireless sensor networks with delayed-links. Digit Signal Proc 88:80–89
Petreska N, Al-Zubaidy H, Knorr R, Gross J (2019) Bound-based power optimization for multi-hop heterogeneous wireless industrial networks under statistical delay constraints. Comput Netw 148:262–279
Byun H, So J (2015) Node scheduling control inspired by epidemic theory for data dissemination in wireless sensor-actuator networks with delay constraints. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 15(3):1794–1807
Wang F, Liu W, Wang T, Zhao M, Xie M, Song H, Li X, Liu A (2019) To reduce delay, energy consumption and collision through optimization duty-cycle and size of forwarding node set in wsns. IEEE Access 7:55983–56015
Dong M, Ota K, Liu A, Guo M (2015) Joint optimization of lifetime and transport delay under reliability constraint wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 27(1):225–236
Roy DG, Mahato B, De D, Buyya R (2018) Application-aware end-to-end delay and message loss estimation in internet of things(iot)mqtt-sn protocols. Future Gen Comput Syst 89:300–316
Liu X, Zhu R, Anjum A, Wang J, Zhang H, Ma M (2020) Intelligent data fusion algorithm based on hybrid delay-aware adaptive clustering in wireless sensor networks. Future Gener Comput Syst 104:1–14
Snigdh I, Sahu NK (2020) Effective delay and energy conservation strategies for query-driven wireless sensor networks. In: Nanoelectronics, circuits and communication systems (pp. 653-667). Springer, Singapore
Hosni I, Theoleyre F (2017) Self-healing distributed scheduling for end-to-end delay optimization in multihop wireless networks with 6tisch. Comput Commun 110:103–119
Lim LB, Spendlove DJ, Guan L, Wang X (2019) Adth: Bounded nodal delay for better performance in wireless ad-hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw 83:25–40
Wen S, Huang C, Chen X, Ma J, Xiong N, Li Z (2018) Energy-efficient and delay-aware distributed routing with cooperative transmission for internet of things. J Parallel Distrib Comput 118:46–56
Khan S, Alvi AN, Javed MA, Roh BH (1971) Ali J (2020) An efficient superframe structure with optimal bandwidth utilization and reduced delay for internet of things based wireless sensor networks. Sensors 20(7):5580–5589
Yu Y, Lu WJ, Liu Y, Zhu HB (2020) Neural network based root mean delay spread model for ubiquitous indoor internet of things scenarios. IEEE Int Things J 7(6):5580–5589
Darabi M, Montazeri AM, Maham B, Saad W, Zarrabi H (2018) Packet size adjustment for minimizing the average delay in buffer-aided cognitive machine-to-machine networks. Comput Elect Eng 68:298–309
Liu D, Khoukhi L, Hafid A (2018) Prediction-based mobile data offloading in mobile cloud computing. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 17(7):4660–4673
Liu B, Zhu Q, Zhu H (2018) Delay-aware lte wlan aggregation in heterogeneous wireless network. IEEE Access 6:14544–14559
Wu H (2018) Performance modeling of delayed offloading in mobile wireless environments with failures. IEEE Commun Lett 22(11):2334–2337
Malak D, Huang H, Andrews JG (2018) Throughput maximization for delay-sensitive random access communication. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 18(1):709–723
Madi NK, Madi M (2020) April. Analysis of downlink scheduling to bridge between delay and throughput in LTE networks. In: 2020 7th international conference on electrical and electronics engineering (ICEEE) (pp. 243-247). IEEE
Delgado RA, Lau K, Middleton RH, Wigren T (2018) Networked delay control for 5g wireless machine-type communications using multiconnectivity. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 99:1–16
Huang M, Liu A, Xiong NN, Wang T, Vasilakos AV (2018) A low-latency communication scheme for mobile wireless sensor control systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst 99:1–16
Sinaie M, Ng DWK, Jorswieck EA (2018) Resource allocation in noma virtualized wireless networks under statistical delay constraints. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett 7(6):954–957
Gursu HM, Vilgelm M, Alba AM, Berioli M, Kellerer W (2019) “Admission control based traffic-agnostic delay-constrained random access (\(ac/dc-ra\)) for m2m communication,” In: IEEE transactions on wireless communications arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.11320
Fu L, Fu X, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Wu X, Wang X, Lu S (2018) Joint optimization of multicast energy in delay-constrained mobile wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 26(1):633–646
Xie J, Narayanan U (2009) Performance analysis of mobility support in ipv4/ipv6 mixed wireless networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 59(2):962–973
Mathew A, Srinivasan M, Murthy CSR (2020) Network calculus based delay analysis for mixed fronthaul and backhaul 5G networks. In: 2020 IEEE 21st international symposium on" A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks"(WoWMoM) (pp. 205-214). IEEE
Huang JJ, Chen TY, Ferng HW, Liang YJ, Kuo CG, Shiung D, Su CY (2020) A delay analysis for the delivery of downstream messages in a sparse VANET. J Chinese Inst Eng 43(6):1–9
Sobin C, Raychoudhury V, Marfia G, Singla A (2016) A survey of routing and data dissemination in delay tolerant networks. J Netw Comput Appl 67:128–146
Burleigh S, Scott K (2007) “Bundle protocol specification,” IETF Request for Comments RFC, vol. 5050
Mayer CP, Waldhorst OP (2014) Routing in hybrid delay tolerant networks. Comput Commun 48:44–55
Vahdat A, Becker A et al (2000) Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks. Technical report CS-200006. Duke University
Lindgren A, Doria A, Schelen O (2003) Mobihoc poster: Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. Mobile Comput Commun Rev 7(3):19–20
Spyropoulos T, Psounis K, Raghavendra CS (2008) Efficient routing in intermittently connected mobile networks: The multiple-copy case. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw (ToN) 16(1):77–90
Abdelkader T, Naik K, Nayak A, Goel N, Srivastava V (2012) Sgbr: A routing protocol for delay tolerant networks using social grouping. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 24(12):2472–2481
Roy A, Bose S, Acharya T, DasBit S (2017) Social-based energy- aware multicasting in delay tolerant networks. J Netw Comput Appl 87:169–184
Xiao M, Wu J, Huang L (2013) Community-aware opportunistic routing in mobile social networks. IEEE Trans Comput 63(7):1682–1695
Yarinezhad R (2019) Reducing delay and prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor network using efficient routing protocol based on mobile sink and virtual infrastructure. Ad Hoc Netw 84:42–55
Sindhuja M, Selvamani K, Kannan A, Kanimozhi S (2015) Delay tolerance in wireless networks through optimal path routing algorithm. Proc Comput Sci 48:401–407
Wang L, Chin K-W, Soh S, Raad R (2015) Novel joint routing and scheduling algorithms for minimizing end-to-end delays in multi tx-rx wireless mesh networks. Comput Commun 72:63–77
Li J, Silva BN, Diyan M, Cao Z, Han K (2018) A clustering based routing algorithm in iot aware wireless mesh networks. Sustain Cities Soc 40:657–666
Hossain MS, You X, Xiao W, Lu J, Song E (2019) Qos-oriented multimedia transmission using multipath routing. Future Gener Comput Syst 99:226–234
Younes A (2011) Multicast routing with bandwidth and delay constraints based on genetic algorithms. Egypt Inform J 12(2):107–114
Din D-R, Jiang J-Y (2012) Delay-constrained survivable multicast routing problem in wdm networks. Comput Commun 35(10):1172–1184
Tan X, Yu S, Zhang H, Jun L (2013) Delay-constrained anycast routing problem in wdm networks with wavelength conversions. Optik- Int J Light Electron Optics 124(20):4315–4318
Lai X, Ji X, Zhou X, Chen L (2017) Energy efficient link-delay aware routing in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J 18(2):837–848
Hai L, Gao Q, Wang J, Zhuang H, Wang P (2017) Delay-optimal back-pressure routing algorithm for multihop wireless networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(3):2617–2630
Wang H, Shi Z, Li S (2009) Multicast routing for delay variation bound using a modified ant colony algorithm. J Netw Comput Appl 32(1):258–272
Goralski W (2017) Chapter 7 - ipv4 and ipv6 headers. In: Goralski W (ed) The illustrated network, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann, Boston, pp 197–219
Goralski W (2017) Chapter 5 - ipv4 and ipv6 addressing. In: Goralski W (ed) The illustrated network. Morgan Kaufmann, Boston, pp 139–173
Li F, Wang X, Pan T, Yang J (2017) A case study of ipv6 network performance: Packet delay, loss, and reordering. Math Prob Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3056475
Patil SD, Tahiliani MP (2019) Minstrel pie: Curtailing queue delay in unresponsive traffic environments. Comput Commun
Dwyer J, Jasani H (2012) An analysis of convergence delay caused by link failures in autonomous systems, In: 2012 proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon , pp. 1–6, IEEE
Zhou X, Jacobsson M, Uijterwaal H, Van Mieghem P (2008) Ipv6 delay and loss performance evolution. Int J Commun Syst 21(6):643–663
Mehr KA, Niya JM, Akar N (2018) Queue management for two- user cognitive radio with delay-constrained primary user. Comput Netw 142:1–12
Parmentier A, Samaranayake S, Xuan Y, Bayen A (2015) “A mathemat- ical framework for delay analysis in single source networks,” In: 2015 American control conference (ACC) , pp. 4603–4609, IEEE
Yu S, Liu Z, Wu J (2016) Equilibrium strategies of the unobservable m/m/1 queue with balking and delayed repairs. Appl Math Comput 290:56–65
Gao P, Wittevrongel S, Walraevens J, Moeneclaey M, Bruneel H (2009) Calculation of delay characteristics for multiserver queues with constant service times. Eur J Oper Res 199(1):170–175
Demoor T, Walraevens J, Fiems D, Bruneel H (2011) Performance analysis of a priority queue: Expedited forwarding phb in diffserv. AEU-Int J Electron Commun 65(3):190–197
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roy, A., Pachuau, J.L. & Saha, A.K. An overview of queuing delay and various delay based algorithms in networks. Computing 103, 2361–2399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-021-00973-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-021-00973-3
Keywords
- Queuing delay
- Arrival rate
- Service rate
- Virtual circuit
- Little theorem
- Queuing model
- Queue management algorithm
- QoS
- Delay tolerant network