Philosophia

Philosophia (etymologice 'amor sapientiae', Graece φιλεῖν 'amare' + σοφία 'sapientia') est studium sapientiae vel veritatis, per investigationem principiorum cogitationis humanorumque factorum. Qui philosophiae se dedicant philosophi nominantur. "Philosophia individua dimittit; neque impressiones primas individuorum, sed notiones ab illis abstractas complectitur; atque hoc prorsus officium est atque opificium rationis."^[1]

Vocabulum philosophiae a Pythagora fictum est, quia sapientiam privilegium divinum putabat; ipse autem se sapientem (sophos) haberi nolebat. Amator sapientiae (vel scientiae) igitur dici malebat.

Philosophia hodierna multas definitiones habet, inter eas:

• Criticum studium omnium humanarum quaestionum;
• Rationale studium omnis sapientiae humanae;
• Studium quaestionum, quibus responsa non sint absoluta.

Partes speciales philosophiae sunt philosophia mentis, philosophia scientiarum, philosophia orationis, philosophia historiae, philosophia religionis, et ceterae.

Inter notiones philosophicas sunt philosophari; esse, essentia, quidditas, haecceitas, substantia, exsistentia, res, realitas; perceptio, spatium, tempus, conscientia, veritas; ratio, mens, memoria, voluntas, desiderium; bonus, officium, virtus, libertas; natura, societas, iustitia, potestas, civitas; ars, labor, historia, illuminatio, cosmotheoria.

Praecipuae philosophiae notiones realitatis et veritatis (in metaphysica, logica, et ontologia), sapientiae (in epistemologia), boni et iustitiae (in ethice et oeconomia politica), et pulchritudinis (in aesthetica) sunt.

Philosophia dividitur in:

Plurum philosophorum nomina discere poteris s.v. index philosophorum.

• Vide etiam Index philosophorum Graecorum

Occidentalis traditio coepit in Graecia. Res prima fuit indagatio ἀρχῆς id est principii mundi. Philosophi praeclari fuerunt:

Circa 400 a.C.n., disputatio facta est cogitatio de homine. Philosophi, qui creaverunt classicam philosophiam in Europa, fuerunt:

• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristoteles

Romani eandem ferme viam rationemque philosophandi, i.e. sapientiam adfectandi, secuti sunt ac Graeci. Praeclari philosophi erant:

• Arthurus Schopenhauer
• Fridericus Nietzsche
• Aemilius Michael Cioran
• David Benatar

• Simona Weil
• Iohannes Rawls

• Ayn Rand
• Harrius Binswanger
• Andreas Bernstein
• Leonardus Peikoff

• Carolus Marx
• Fridericus Engels
• Ludovicus Althusser
• Georgius Lukacs
• Vladimirus Lenin

• Severinus Kierkegaard
• Ioannes Paulus Sartre
• Albertus Camus
• Carolus Theodorus Jaspers

• Iacobus Derrida
• Michael Foucault
• Aegidius Deleuze
• Sigismundus Bauman

• Ioannes Georgius Gadamer
• Paulus Ricoeur
• Antonius Gerards

• Confucius
• Zuluus
• Yenyuenius
• Mencius
• Xun Zi

• Laocius
• Sancius

• Mocius seu Micius

• Han Fei
• Sunlungus
• Lieupugueius

• Rāmānuja
• Ādi Śaṅkara

• Butta
• Aśvaghoṣa
• Nāgārjuna
• Āryadeva
• Vasubandhu

• Artes liberales
• Dies mundi philosophiae
• Logica philosophica
• Metaphilosophia
• Omnia
• Philosophia coloris
• Philosophia continentalis
• Philosophia mathematicae
• PhiloSOPHIA (periodicum)
• Philosophia recens
• Philosophia religionis
• Philosophia religiosa
• Philosophia scientiae
• Pragmatismus

• Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, et John Cumming, eds. (1983), 1992. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers. Fontana Originals. Hammersmith Angliae.: Fontana Press. ISBN 9780006369653.
• Bullock, Alan, et Oliver Stallybrass, eds. 1977. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060105785.
• Julia, Didier. 2006. Dictionnaire de la philosophie. Responsable éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. Lutetiae: Larousse. ISBN 9782035833099.
• Reese, W. L. 1980. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands Novae Caesareae: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780391006881.

• Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2003. Thinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. ISBN 9780195134582.
• Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 9780907845331.
• Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192854216.
• Curley, Edwin. 1994. A Spinoza Reader. Princeton. ISBN 9780691000671.
• Durant, Will. 1991. Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers. Pocket. ISBN 9780671739164.
• Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 9780333693438.
• Higgins, Kathleen M., et Robert C. Solomon. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195101966.
• Philosophy Now. Magazina.
• Rochelle, Gerald. 2012. Doing Philosophy. ISBN 9781780460048.
• Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 9780195115529.
• Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. What is Philosophy? An Introduction. ISBN 9781903765944.
• Sober, Elliott. 2001. Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131898691.
• Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780534167080.
• Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 9780415146944.

• Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 9780268015695.
• Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853592.
• Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 9780192853745.
• Harwood, Sterling, ed. 2000. Business as Ethical and Business as Usual. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
• Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 9780847688418.
• Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 9780745619774.
• Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 9780195133356.
• Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 9780745619606.
• Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 9780863162824.
• Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 9780195052923.
• Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 9780415267632.
• Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 9780415228527.
• Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 9780345368096.

• Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition), ed. Louis P. Pojman
• Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3), ed. Louis P. Pojman
• The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill, ed. Edwin Arthur
• European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche, ed. Monroe Beardsley
• Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings, ed. James Baillie
• Existentialism: Basic Writings, ed. 2a., ed. Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
• The Phenomenology Reader ed. Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
• Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings, ed. Muhammad Ali Khalidi
• A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
• A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, ed. Wing-tsit Chan
• Kim, J., et Ernest Sosa, ed. 1999. Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
• The Oxford Handbook of Free Will 2004. Ed. Robert Kane
• Husserl, Edmund, et Donn Welton. 1999. The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253212733.
• Cottingham, John. 2008. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. Ed. secunda. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.

• Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019649 
• Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 031326449X 
• The Oxford Companion to Philosophy ed. Ted Honderich
• The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy a Robert Audi
• The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) ed. Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi
• The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Edward Craig. Imminutio.
• Encyclopedia of Philosophy (8 vol.), ed. Paulo Edwards.
• International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vol.) ed. John Marenbon
• History of Philosophy (9 vol.) a Frederick Copleston
• A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) a W. T. Jones
• History of Italian Philosophy (2 vol.) a Eugenio Garin.
• Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vol.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
• Indian Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
• A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vol.) ed. Surendranath Dasgupta
• History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vol.) ed. Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
• Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming ed. Chan, Wing-tsit
• Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy ed. Antonio S. Cua
• Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion ed. Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
• Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy ed. Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
• A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English ed. John A. Grimes
• History of Islamic Philosophy ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
• History of Jewish Philosophy ed. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
• A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries a Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin

• Ayer, A. J., et al., ed. 1994. A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
• Blackburn, S., ed. 1996. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
• Angeles, P. A., ed. 1992. The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Harper Perennial.
• Bunnin, N., et al., ed. 1996. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
• Hoffman, Eric, ed. 1997. Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Mauter, T., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. Londinii: Penguin Books.
• Popkin, R. H. 1999. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
• Runes, D., ed. 1942. The Dictionary of Philosophy. Novi Eboraci: The Philosophical Library, Inc.

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