Politik sayap kiri

Politik sayap kiri merupakan spektrum politik yang mendukung kesetaraan sosial dan egalitarianisme, dan seringkali berlawanan dengan sistem hierarki sosial ala sayap kanan.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Politik sayap kiri biasanya melibatkan kepedulian terhadap orang-orang di masyarakat yang oleh penganutnya dianggap sebagai pihak yang kurang beruntung dibandingkan dengan orang lain, serta keyakinan bahwa ada ketidaksetaraan yang tidak dapat dibenarkan yang perlu dikurangi atau dihapuskan.^[1] Menurut profesor emeritus ekonomi Barry Clark, pendukung sayap kiri "mengklaim bahwa perkembangan manusia akan terjadi ketika para individu terlibat dalam kerja sama–hubungan saling menghormati–yang hanya dapat berkembang ketika perbedaan yang berlebihan dalam status, kekuasaan, dan kekayaan dihilangkan."^[5]

Pembukaan États Généraux 1789 yang digelar pada tanggal 5 Mei 1789 di Versailles

Di dalam spektrum politik kiri–kanan, istilah Kiri dan Kanan diciptakan selama Revolusi Prancis, mengacu pada pengaturan tempat duduk di États Généraux Prancis. Mereka yang duduk di kiri umumnya menentang Ancien Régime dan monarki Bourbon serta mendukung Revolusi Prancis, pembentukan republik demokratis, dan sekularisasi masyarakat,^[6] sementara mereka yang di kanan mendukung institusi tradisional Ancien Régime. Penggunaan istilah Kiri menjadi lebih menonjol setelah pemulihan monarki Prancis pada tahun 1815, ketika istilah tersebut diterapkan pada kaum Independen.^[7] Kata "sayap" pertama kali ditambahkan ke dalam istilah Kiri dan Kanan pada akhir abad ke-19 (biasanya dengan maksud merendahkan), dan istilah "sayap kiri" diterapkan pada mereka yang memiliki pandangan agama dan politik yang tidak lazim.

Istilah Kiri kemudian diterapkan pada sejumlah gerakan, seperti gerakan republikanisme di Prancis selama abad ke-18, diikuti oleh sosialisme,^[8] termasuk anarkisme, komunisme, gerakan buruh, Marxisme, demokrasi sosial dan sindikalisme pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20.^[9] Sejak itu, istilah "sayap kiri" telah diterapkan pada berbagai gerakan,^[10] termasuk gerakan hak-hak sipil, gerakan feminis, gerakan hak aborsi, multikulturalisme, gerakan anti-perang dan gerakan lingkungan hidup,^[11]^[12] serta beragam ideologi partai politik.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Lihat pula

Ideologi sayap kiri

Isu-isu sayap kiri

Organisasi

Topik-topik politik terkait

Gerakan sosial baru
Neo Liberalisme
Spektrum politik—membahas bermacam-macam pandangan dari berbagai penulis mengenai manfaat (atau kesia-siaan) dari dikotomi Kiri/Kanan dan tentang spektrum alternatifnya.
Politik sayap kanan
Politik sayap kiri kanan—membahas bermacam-macam pengertian dari berbagai penulis ketika mereka menggunakan istilah "kiri" dan "kanan" dalam konteks politik.
Sosialisme Kristen

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond (2003). Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies . Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. hlm. 30. ISBN 9781551113340.
^ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction . University of Chicago Press. hlm. 37.
^ Ball, Terence (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (edisi ke-Reprint.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 614. ISBN 9780521563543. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016.
^ Thompson, Willie (1997). The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745308913.
^ Clark, Barry (1998). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press. ISBN 9780275958695.
^ Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). The government and politics of France (edisi ke-5th). London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6. the government and politics of france.
^ Gauchet, Marcel (1996). "Right and Left". Dalam Nora, Pierre. Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions. hlm. 248.
^ Maass, Alan; Zinn, Howard (2010). The Case for Socialism (edisi ke-Revised). Haymarket Books. hlm. 164. ISBN 978-1608460731. The International Socialist Review is one of the best left-wing journals around...
^ Schmidt, Michael; Van der Walt, Lucien (2009). Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. Counter-Power. 1. AK Press. hlm. 128. ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1. [...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition.
^ Revel, Jean Francois (2009). Last Exit to Utopia. Encounter Books. hlm. 24. ISBN 978-1594032646. In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party.
^ Neumayer, Eric (2004). "The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 51 (3–4): 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006.
^ Barry, John (2002). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415202855. All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion...
^ "Democratic socialism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2 September 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2017.
^ Harvey, Fiona (5 September 2014). "Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics". The Guardian.
^ Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation . Florence: Oxford University Press. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1. Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies.

Bacaan lanjutan

Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. by Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas, Second Edition, Oxford University Press 1998, ISBN 0-19-512088-4.
Lin Chun, The British New Left, Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993.
Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000, Oxford University Press 2002, ISBN 0-19-504479-7.
"Leftism in India, 1917–1947", Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-51716-5.

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[Smith-1] Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond (2003). Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies . Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. hlm. 30. ISBN 9781551113340.

[2] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction . University of Chicago Press. hlm. 37.

[Lukes-3] Ball, Terence (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (edisi ke-Reprint.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 614. ISBN 9780521563543. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2016.

[4] Thompson, Willie (1997). The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745308913.

[5] Clark, Barry (1998). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press. ISBN 9780275958695.

[Knapp-6] Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). The government and politics of France (edisi ke-5th). London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6. the government and politics of france.

[7] Gauchet, Marcel (1996). "Right and Left". Dalam Nora, Pierre. Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions. hlm. 248.

[8] Maass, Alan; Zinn, Howard (2010). The Case for Socialism (edisi ke-Revised). Haymarket Books. hlm. 164. ISBN 978-1608460731. The International Socialist Review is one of the best left-wing journals around...

[9] Schmidt, Michael; Van der Walt, Lucien (2009). Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. Counter-Power. 1. AK Press. hlm. 128. ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1. [...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition.

[10] Revel, Jean Francois (2009). Last Exit to Utopia. Encounter Books. hlm. 24. ISBN 978-1594032646. In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party.

[11] Neumayer, Eric (2004). "The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 51 (3–4): 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006.

[12] Barry, John (2002). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415202855. All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion...

[13] "Democratic socialism" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2 September 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2017.

[14] Harvey, Fiona (5 September 2014). "Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics". The Guardian.

[sarnold-15] Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation . Florence: Oxford University Press. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1. Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies.

[1]