User:Swx468/sandbox
This article was the subject of an educational assignment in 2014 Q3. Further details were available on the "Education Program:University of Western Ontario/Advanced Genetics (Fall 2014)" page, which is now unavailable on the wiki. |
My choosen topic is SOX9. It was previously a very short article that I have added on to. I will be working on this alone. Hopefullly this is an acceptable topic? Please let me know if it isn't, I can work on another one instead if necessary. Thanks!
Transcription factor SOX-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the 5,401 bases long SOX9 gene [1][2] located on the q arm of chromosome 17 in band 24.3. It encompasses bases 70,117,161 bp from P-ter to 70,122,561 bp from P-ter.[3]
This transcription factor recognizes the binding site “CCTTGAG” in genomic DNA. It is involved in chondrocyte differentiation, testis determination, as well as the differentiation of several other tissues during development. Mutations affecting this gene generally lead to campomelic dysplasia, and sometimes even sex reversal.
Structure
[edit]Like the other genes in the Sox (Sry-related HMG box) family, it contains a HMG (high mobility) box domain (a conserved 79 amino acid (AA) high-efficiency DNA binding domain). It also contains a dimerization domain at the N-terminal, and two transactivation domains (in the central position and the C terminal). [4] Its transcription is enhanced by SRY binding to a testis-specific enhancer of Sox9 (TES), which activates Sox9 and SF1 expression during embryogenesis. [5] The protein product bind to the minor groove of genomic DNA, which causes the DNA to bend 60-85°. Sox9 transcription factor can upregulate or downregulate the transcription of specific genes, thereby regulate differentiation and maintenance of certain cell types and tissues.
Function
[edit]SOX-9 recognizes the sequence CCTTGAG along with other members of the HMG-box class DNA-binding proteins. It acts during chondrocyte differentiation and, with steroidogenic factor 1, regulates transcription of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) gene.[2]
Testis Development
[edit]SOX9 (located on chromosome 17) is the main target of SRY protein. Transcription of SOX9 is promoted when TDF binds to testis specific enhancer (TES) upstream of SOX9 gene. This gene is shown to be necessary for testis determination during development. Unlike SRY, SOX9 is shown to be expressed passed embryonic development in mice. This suggests that SOX9 also plays a role in the gonads to recruit somatic gonadal cells to become sertoli cells in adult organisms. In addition, expression of SOX9 seems to only need to be stimulated by SRY as it uses an auto-regulatory positive-feedback loop (by assiociating with FGF9[6] and PGD2) to promote its own continued expression (by binding to TES). [7] Activation of FGF9 by SOX-9 starts vital processes in male development, such as the creation of testis cords and the multiplication of Sertoli cells.[6] The association of SOX-9 and Dax1 creates Sertoli cells, another vital process in male development.[8] SOX-9 also plays a pivotal role in male sexual development by working with Sf1, SOX-9 can produce AMH in Sertoli cells to inhibit the creation of a female reproductive system.[9] It also interacts with a few other genes to promote the development of male sexual organs.
In mice
[edit]Sox9 is expressed in the genital ridge at 10.5 days post fertilization (before the expression of SRY). In male embryos, Sry expression peaks at 11.5 days, subsequently Sox9 expression significantly increases. In contrast, in XX embryos, Sox9 expression decreases. The high levels of Sox9 causes pre-gonadal ridge cells to differentiate into Sertoli cells rather than granulosa cells. Knock-out of the Sox9 gene in XY embryo results in development of ovaries instead of testis. [10]
Pancreatic Development
[edit]SOX9 also functions during human pancreatic development. At first, SOX9 is expressed in all epithelial tissue in the pancreas during early development. However its expression is later confined to only the ductal and centroacinar cells (ie the endocrine cells). The expression of SOX9 in pancreatic cells is regulated by FGF and Notch signaling pathways. As well, its continued expression is maintained by the Fgf10/Fgfr2b/Sox9 feed-forward loop (in which Fgfr2b is a receptor whose transcription is increased by SOX9 and transduces a Fgf10 signal, Fgf10 upregulates SOX9. [11] Mature differentiated acinar and endocrine cells do not express SOX9.
Duodenal development
[edit]Similarly, during duodenal development, SOX9 is expressed in all epithelial cells of the duodenum. By adulthood, it is only found in the crypts of Lieberkühn at base of mucosal folds.[12]
Clinical significance
[edit]Mutations lead to the skeletal malformation syndrome campomelic dysplasia. This disorder also affects the reproductive system, and other parts of the body. Approximately 5% of cases arise from a mutation near the SOX9 gene, the rest are caused by a mutation on the gene itself. This disorder is often fatal in newborns.[13] Another disorder that is related to abnormal regulation of SOX9 is isolated Pierre Robin sequence. Symptoms of this disorder are micrognathia (small lower jaw), glossoptosis (tongue that is further back in the mouth), and a cleft palate.[14] These symptoms manifest because SOX9 is involved in the development of the skeletal system, including the manible. In some cases, misregulation of SOX9 can lead to autosomal sex reversal. If an XX individual gains an extra SOX9 gene, they will develop as males even in the absence of SRY. [15]
Interactions
[edit]SOX9 has been shown to interact with Steroidogenic factor 1,[9] MED12[16] and MAF.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Tommerup N, Schempp W, Meinecke P, Pedersen S, Bolund L, Brandt C, Goodpasture C, Guldberg P, Held KR, Reinwein H; et al. (Sep 1993). "Assignment of an autosomal sex reversal locus (SRA1) and campomelic dysplasia (CMPD1) to 17q24.3-q25.1". Nat Genet. 4 (2): 170–4. doi:10.1038/ng0693-170. PMID 8348155.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SOX9 SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (campomelic dysplasia, autosomal sex-reversal)".
- ^ "SOX9". genecards. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ Ralf, Kist. Transcription factor encyclopedia http://www.cisreg.ca/cgi-bin/tfe/articles.pl?tfid=494. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
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(help) - ^ Sekido, R. (2010). SRY: A transcriptional activator of mammalian testis determination. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 42(3), 417-420.
- ^ a b Kim Y, Kobayashi A, Sekido R, DiNapoli L, Brennan J, Chaboissier MC, Poulat F, Behringer RR, Lovell-Badge R, Capel B (June 2006). "Fgf9 and Wnt4 act as antagonistic signals to regulate mammalian sex determination". PLOS Biol. 4 (6): e187. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187. PMC 1463023. PMID 16700629.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Larney, C., Bailey, T. L., & Koopman, P. (2014). Switching on sex: transcriptional regulation of the testis-determining gene Sry. Development, 141(11), 2195-2205.
- ^ Bouma GJ, Albrecht KH, Washburn LL, Recknagel AK, Churchill GA, Eicher EM (July 2005). "Gonadal sex reversal in mutant Dax1 XY mice: a failure to upregulate Sox9 in pre-Sertoli cells". Development. 132 (13): 3045–54. doi:10.1242/dev.01890. PMID 15944188.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b De Santa Barbara P, Bonneaud N, Boizet B, Desclozeaux M, Moniot B, Sudbeck P, Scherer G, Poulat F, Berta P (November 1998). "Direct interaction of SRY-related protein SOX9 and steroidogenic factor 1 regulates transcription of the human anti-Müllerian hormone gene". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (11): 6653–65. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.11.6653. PMC 109250. PMID 9774680.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "pmid9774680" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Eggers, S., Ohnesorg, T., & Sinclair, A. (2014). Genetic regulation of mammalian gonad development. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(11), 673-683.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Y. (2013). Sox9 and programming of liver and pancreatic progenitors. The Journal of clinical investigation, 123(5), 1881-1886.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Y. (2013). Sox9 and programming of liver and pancreatic progenitors. The Journal of clinical investigation, 123(5), 1881-1886
- ^ "SOX9". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ "Isolated Pierre Robin Sequence". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9967/
- ^ Zhou R, Bonneaud N, Yuan CX, de Santa Barbara P, Boizet B, Schomber T, Scherer G, Roeder RG, Poulat F, Berta P, Tibor S (July 2002). "SOX9 interacts with a component of the human thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein complex". Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (14): 3245–52. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf443. PMC 135763. PMID 12136106.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Huang W, Lu N, Eberspaecher H, De Crombrugghe B (December 2002). "A new long form of c-Maf cooperates with Sox9 to activate the type II collagen gene". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (52): 50668–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206544200. PMID 12381733.
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Further reading
[edit]- Ninomiya S, Narahara K, Tsuji K; et al. (1995). "Acampomelic campomelic syndrome and sex reversal associated with de novo t(12;17) translocation". Am. J. Med. Genet. 56 (1): 31–4. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320560109. PMID 7747782.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lefebvre V, de Crombrugghe B (1998). "Toward understanding SOX9 function in chondrocyte differentiation". Matrix Biol. 16 (9): 529–40. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(98)90065-8. PMID 9569122.
- Harley VR (2002). "The molecular action of testis-determining factors SRY and SOX9". Novartis Found. Symp. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 244: 57–66, discussion 66–7, 79–85, 253–7. doi:10.1002/0470868732.ch6. ISBN 9780470843468. PMID 11990798.
- Kwok C, Weller PA, Guioli S; et al. (1995). "Mutations in SOX9, the gene responsible for Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57 (5): 1028–36. PMC 1801368. PMID 7485151.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Foster JW, Dominguez-Steglich MA, Guioli S; et al. (1995). "Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene". Nature. 372 (6506): 525–30. doi:10.1038/372525a0. PMID 7990924.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wagner T, Wirth J, Meyer J; et al. (1995). "Autosomal sex reversal and campomelic dysplasia are caused by mutations in and around the SRY-related gene SOX9". Cell. 79 (6): 1111–20. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90041-8. PMID 8001137.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Südbeck P, Schmitz ML, Baeuerle PA, Scherer G (1996). "Sex reversal by loss of the C-terminal transactivation domain of human SOX9". Nat. Genet. 13 (2): 230–2. doi:10.1038/ng0696-230. PMID 8640233.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Cameron FJ, Hageman RM, Cooke-Yarborough C; et al. (1997). "A novel germ line mutation in SOX9 causes familial campomelic dysplasia and sex reversal". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 (10): 1625–30. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.10.1625. PMID 8894698.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Meyer J, Südbeck P, Held M; et al. (1997). "Mutational analysis of the SOX9 gene in campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal: lack of genotype/phenotype correlations". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.1.91. PMID 9002675.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Cameron FJ, Sinclair AH (1997). "Mutations in SRY and SOX9: testis-determining genes". Hum. Mutat. 9 (5): 388–95. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:5<388::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9143916.
- Wunderle VM, Critcher R, Hastie N; et al. (1998). "Deletion of long-range regulatory elements upstream of SOX9 causes campomelic dysplasia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (18): 10649–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10649. PMC 27949. PMID 9724758.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - De Santa Barbara P, Bonneaud N, Boizet B; et al. (1998). "Direct interaction of SRY-related protein SOX9 and steroidogenic factor 1 regulates transcription of the human anti-Müllerian hormone gene". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (11): 6653–65. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.11.6653. PMC 109250. PMID 9774680.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - McDowall S, Argentaro A, Ranganathan S; et al. (1999). "Functional and structural studies of wild type SOX9 and mutations causing campomelic dysplasia". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (34): 24023–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.34.24023. PMID 10446171.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Huang W, Zhou X, Lefebvre V, de Crombrugghe B (2000). "Phosphorylation of SOX9 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A enhances SOX9's ability to transactivate a Col2a1 chondrocyte-specific enhancer". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (11): 4149–58. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.11.4149-4158.2000. PMC 85784. PMID 10805756.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Thong MK, Scherer G, Kozlowski K; et al. (2000). "Acampomelic campomelic dysplasia with SOX9 mutation". Am. J. Med. Genet. 93 (5): 421–5. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20000828)93:5<421::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 10951468.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Ninomiya S, Yokoyama Y, Teraoka M; et al. (2001). "A novel mutation (296 del G) of the SOX90 gene in a patient with campomelic syndrome and sex reversal". Clin. Genet. 58 (3): 224–7. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580310.x. PMID 11076045.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Preiss S, Argentaro A, Clayton A; et al. (2001). "Compound effects of point mutations causing campomelic dysplasia/autosomal sex reversal upon SOX9 structure, nuclear transport, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (30): 27864–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101278200. PMID 11323423.
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External links
[edit]- SOX9+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- SOX9 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- SOX9 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.