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Rebutia

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Rebutia
Rebutia minuscula var. wessneriana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Cereeae
Subtribe: Rebutiinae
Genus: Rebutia
K.Schum.
Type species
Rebutia minuscula
Synonyms[1]
  • Bridgesia Backeb., nom. nud.
  • Cintia Kníže & Říha
  • Cylindrorebutia Frič & Kreuz., no Latin descr.
  • Echinolobivia Y.Itô, nom. inval.
  • Echinorebutia Frič ex Kreuz.
  • Eurebutia (Backeb.) Vande Weghe
  • Gymnantha Y.Itô
  • Gymnorebutia Doweld
  • Neogymnantha Y.Itô, without replaced synonym ref.
  • Rebulobivia Frič
  • Scoparebutia Frič & Kreuz. ex Buining
  • Setirebutia Frič
  • Spegazzinia Backeb., nom. illeg.
  • Sulcorebutia Backeb.
  • Weingartia Werderm.

Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. They are generally small, colorful cacti, globular in form, which freely produce flowers that are relatively large in relation to the body. They have no distinctive ribs, but do have regularly arranged small tubercles. They are considered fairly easy to grow and they may produce large quantities of seeds that germinate freely around the parent plant.

The limits of the genus are currently uncertain – in particular whether or not it includes species formerly or currently placed in the genera Aylostera, Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia. The number of species included varies widely from source to source. A very large number of plants that have been treated in cultivation as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of a much smaller number of species.

Taxonomy

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The genus was designated in 1895 by Karl Moritz Schumann[2] and named after Pierre Rebut (1828–1902), a French cactus nurseryman. The type species is R. minuscula, which has been in cultivation since 1887.[3][4]

Limits of the genus

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There has been considerable debate about the extent of the genus. In the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to separate groups of plants within Rebutia as new genera, e.g. Mediolobivia, whereas towards the end of the century the reverse tendency predominated, with genera previously regarded as separate, such as Weingartia, being subsumed within Rebutia. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there was a broad consensus, as reflected in Kew's list of Vascular Plant Families and Genera, that the following genera should be regarded as synonyms of Rebutia:[5]

Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts Aylostera Speg.[6] and Reicheocactus Backeb. 1942.[7]

(The generic names Bridgesia, Spegazzinia, Echinorebutia, Eurebutia, Mediorebutia, Neogymnantha and Setirebutia are invalid, the first two because they are homonyms of Bridgesia Bert. ex Cambess. and Spegazzinia Backeb. respectively,[8] the remainder for lack of any valid publication. Some of these are nevertheless valid names for subdivisions of the genus.[citation needed])

The history of the taxonomic treatment of the genera Rebutia, Aylostera, Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia is summarized below.[9]

K. Schumann Britton & Rose Spegazzini A. V. Frič
1895 1896 - 1921 1922 1923 1932 - 1938
Rebutia
genus novum		 Echinocactus
Echinopsis		 Rebutia
renovation		 Rebutia
Rebutia
Rebutia Rebutia Aylostera
genus novum		 Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia,
Echinorebutia, Setirebutia,
Hymenorebutia, Scopaerebutia
C. Backeberg Donald ICSG Anderson Rowley Mosti & Papini[9]
1966 1975 2001 2009 2011
Rebutia K. Schum. Rebutia
sectio Rebutia		 Rebutia Rebutia
subg. Rebutia		 Rebutia
Aylostera Speg. Rebutia
sectio Aylostera		 Rebutia Aylostera
subg. Aylostera		 Aylostera
subg. Aylostera
Mediolobivia Backeb. Rebutia
sectio Setirebutia,
Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia 		Rebutia Aylostera
subg. Mediolobivia		 Aylostera
subg. Mediolobivia
Weingartia Werderm.
syn.Spegazzinia Backeb.		 Weingartia Rebutia Rebutia
subg. Weingartia		 Weingartia
Sulcorebutia Backeb. Sulcorebutia Rebutia Rebutia
subg. Sulcorebutia		 Weingartia
incl. Cintia

The variation in the treatment of the genus is illustrated by the difference between Mosti et al., who in 2011 treated Aylostera and Weingartia (including Cintia and Sulcorebutia) as distinct from Rebutia,[9] and Plants of the World Online, which as of October 2023 continued to separate Aylostera, but merged Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia into Rebutia.[1]

Species

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The number of species is similarly debatable, because of disagreement both over what constitutes the genus and what constitutes a species. A very large number of plants that have circulated as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of others.[10] E. F. Anderson recognised forty-one species in 2001.[11] The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of October 2023:[1]

Image Scientific name Distribution
Rebutia arenacea Cárdenas Bolivia
Rebutia borealis Diers & Krahn Bolivia
Rebutia breviflora (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt Bolivia
Rebutia canigueralii Cárdenas Bolivia.
Rebutia cardenasiana (R.Vásquez) G.Navarro Bolivia
Rebutia cintia Hjertson Bolivia.
Rebutia cylindrica (Donald & A.B.Lau) Donald Central Bolivia
Rebutia fabrisii Rausch Argentina
Rebutia fidaiana (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt Bolivia
Rebutia glomeriseta Cárdenas Bolivia
Rebutia krugerae (Cárdenas) Backeb. Bolivia
Rebutia mentosa (F.Ritter) Donald Bolivia.
Rebutia minuscula K.Schum. Argentina
Rebutia nataliarum V.Gapon Bolivia.
Rebutia neocumingii (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt Peru to Bolivia.
Rebutia neumanniana (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt Bolivia to Argentina
Rebutia oligacantha (F.H.Brandt) Donald ex D.R.Hunt Bolivia
Rebutia padcayensis Rausch Bolivia to Argentina (Salta)
Rebutia steinbachii Werderm. Bolivia
Rebutia tiraquensis Cárdenas Bolivia

Phylogeny

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Recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below.[12]

Rebutia I (R. pseudodeminuta, R. fiebrigii, R. deminuta, R. pygmaea, R. steinmannii and R. einsteinii)

Other genera

Browningia hertlingiana

Browningia candelaris

Rebutia II (R. minuscula and R. padcayensis)

Sulcorebutia, Weingartia and Cintia

Species formerly classified as Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia show a close relationship to each other and to species of Rebutia with naked pericarpels (Rebutia II), including the type species R. minuscula. The larger group of species of Rebutia studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade (Rebutia I). It is suggested that these be excluded from the genus.[12]

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  • Rebutia minuscula – first discovered Rebutia
    Rebutia minuscula – first discovered Rebutia
  • Rebutia minuscula f. grandiflora – form with largest flower
    Rebutia minuscula f. grandiflora – form with largest flower
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia kariusiana)
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia kariusiana)
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. krainziana)
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. krainziana)
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia marsoneri)
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia marsoneri)
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. senilis) – form with orange red flowers
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. senilis) – form with orange red flowers
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. senilis) – form with rose flower
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. senilis) – form with rose flower
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. chrysacantha) – form with yellow flower
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. chrysacantha) – form with yellow flower
  • Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. violaciflora) – form with violet flower
    Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R. violaciflora) – form with violet flower
  • Rebutia padcayensis (syn. R. margarethae)
    Rebutia padcayensis (syn. R. margarethae)

Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b c "Rebutia K.Schum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  2. ^ Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde, 5: 102, 1895
  3. ^ N. L. Britton, J. N. Rose, The Cactaceae, Washington, 1920, vol.III, p.45.
  4. ^ Archives départementales du Rhône. death record. Chazay-d'Azergues. 14 March 1902.
  5. ^ "List of genera in family Cactaceae", Vascular Plant Families and Genera, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-03-10
  6. ^ "Aylostera Speg. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Reicheocactus Backeb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Spegazzinia Backeb". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Mosti, Stefano; Bandara, Nadeesha Lewke & Papini, Alessio (2011), "Further insights and new combinations in Aylostera (Cactaceae) based on molecular and morphological data", Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43 (6): 2769–2785, retrieved 2013-03-19
  10. ^ Cf. the list of approximately two hundred names under Rebutia (not to mention those given under other genera) provided in B. Fearn and L. Pearcy, The Genus Rebutia, 1895-1981, Matlock: Abbey Brook, 1981, pp.60-71.
  11. ^ Edward F. Anderson, The Cactus Family, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2001, pp.599-611.
  12. ^ a b Ritz, Christiane M.; Martins, Ludwig; Mecklenburg, Rainer; Goremykin, Vadim & Hellwig, Frank H. (2007), "The molecular phylogeny of Rebutia (Cactaceae) and its allies demonstrates the influence of paleogeography on the evolution of South American mountain cacti", American Journal of Botany, 94 (8): 1321–1332, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.8.1321, PMID 21636499. Summary cladogram based on Fig. 2.
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