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List of Pirate Parties

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Outside Sweden, pirate parties have been started in over 60 countries,[1] inspired by the Swedish initiative.

National pirate parties

[edit]
Country Name Domestic registration status Member of Pirate Parties International[2] Member of European Pirate Party[3] Elected Continent
 Argentina Partido Interdimensional Pirata[4] Active but unregistered No No No South America
 Australia Pirate Party Australia[5] Active. Deregistered.[6] No[7] No No Oceania
 Austria Piratenpartei Österreichs[8] Officially registered Yes Yes Two city councillors[9] Europe
 Belarus The Pirates Center of Belarus Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
Пиратское движение Беларуси[10] Active but unregistered Yes No No
 Belgium Piratenpartij / Parti pirate No official registration required Yes Yes No Europe
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Piratska Partija Bosne i Hercegovine Unclear Yes No No Europe
 Brazil Partido Pirata Active, in the process of registration Yes No No South America
 Bulgaria Пиратска Партия Officially registered Yes No No Europe
 Canada Pirate Party of Canada / Parti Pirate du Canada Defunct[11] No No No North America
 China Pirate Party of China (中国盗版党) Discussions on forming group[12][13][14] — — — Asia
 Chile Partido Pirata de Chile Active but unregistered Yes No No South America
 Colombia Partido Pirata Colombiano Discussions on forming group[15] — — — South America
 Costa Rica Partido Pirata de Costa Rica Discussions on forming group[16] — — — North America
 Croatia Pirate Party Croatia /

Piratska Stranka Hrvatske[17]

Officially registered[18] Yes Yes 2 communal councillors Europe
 Cyprus Pirate Party Cyprus Active but unregistered No No No Europe
 Czech Republic Česká pirátská strana Officially registered Yes Yes 4 state parliament seats
279 city/municipal councillors
3 regional councillors
1 member of the Senate
1 member of the European Parliament 		Europe
 Denmark Piratpartiet Officially registered[19] Yes No No Europe
 Estonia Eesti Piraadipartei[20] Officially registered Yes Yes No Europe
 Finland Piraattipuolue Officially registered[21] Yes Yes 2 municipal council seats Europe
 France Parti Pirate[22] Officially registered Yes Yes 2 city/municipal council seats Europe
 Germany Piratenpartei Deutschland[23] Officially registered Yes Yes 247 city/municipal council seats[24] Europe
 Greece Κόμμα Πειρατών Ελλάδας[25] Officially registered[26] Yes Yes No Europe
 Hungary Magyar Kalózpárt Under transformation from NGO to an official political party, worked together with Politics Can Be Different (LMP)[27] No No Indirectly (LMP has 16 MPs in the Hungarian Parliament) Europe
 Honduras Pirate Party of Honduras/Partido Pirata de Honduras Discussions on forming group — No No North America
 Iceland Píratar Officially registered[28] Yes[29] Yes 6 parliament seats
4 municipal seats 		Europe
 India Pirate Party of India Active but unregistered No No — Asia
 Ireland Pirate Party Ireland / Páirtí Foghlaithe na hÉireann Active but unregistered Founding member, removed in June 2012[30] No No Europe
 Israel Piratim/הפיראטים Officially registered[31][32] Yes No No Asia
 Italy Partito Pirata Officially registered Yes Yes No Europe
 Japan Pirate Party Japan (日本海賊党) Officially registered[33] Yes Observer No Asia
 Kazakhstan Пиратская Партия Казахстана / Қазақстан Қарақшылар Партиясы Active but unregistered Yes No No Asia
 Latvia Pirātu Partija[34] Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
 Lebanon Pirate Party Lebanon - حزب القراصنة لبنان Active, in the process of registration No No No Asia
 Lithuania Lietuvos Piratų Partija[35] Active but unregistered No No No Europe
 Luxembourg Piratepartei Lëtzebuerg Officially registered Yes Yes Yes Europe
 Malaysia Malaysia Pirate Party Discussions on forming group, now inactive[36] — — — Asia
 Mexico Partido Pirata Mexicano Active but unregistered No No No North America
 Montenegro Piratska Partija Crne Gore Officially registered No No No Europe
 Morocco Pirate Party of Morocco Active but unregistered Yes No No Africa
   Nepal Pirate Party Nepal Eligible to register after gathering 10,000 signatures before national election[37] No No No Asia
 Netherlands Piratenpartij Nederland Officially registered Yes Yes No Europe
 New Zealand Pirate Party of New Zealand Active but unregistered Yes No No Oceania
 Norway Pirate Party of Norway Officially registered[38] Yes Yes No Europe
 Peru Partido Pirata de Perú Letter of notification that party is forming[39] — — — South America
 Philippines Philippine Pirate Movement Officially registered — — — Asia
 Poland Polska Partia Piratów Officially registered Yes Yes No Europe
 Portugal Partido Pirata Português Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
 Romania Partidul Pirat România Active but unregistered Yes Yes No Europe
 Russia Пиратская партия России Active, registering a political party Yes No No Europe
 Serbia Piratska Partija Srbije[40] Dissolved Yes No No Europe
 Slovakia Slovenská pirátska strana[41] Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
 Slovakia Pirátska strana - Slovensko[42][43][circular reference]|Pirátska strana - Slovensko Yes Yes Yes No Europe
 Slovenia Piratska stranka Slovenije[44][45][46][47][48] Officially registered Yes Yes No Europe
 South Africa South African Pirate Party No — No No Africa
 Spain Partido Pirata No Yes — No Europe
 Sweden Piratpartiet Officially registered Observer Member Yes No Europe
  Switzerland Piratenpartei Schweiz / Parti Pirate Suisse / Partito Pirata Svizzera / Partida da Pirats Svizra Officially registered Yes Yes One city council seat, one mayor[49] Europe
 Taiwan 台灣海盜黨 Pirate Party of Taiwan[50] The government forbid use of 海盜(Pirate) in its party name.'[51] — — — Asia
 Tunisia Pirate Party of Tunisia[52] Officially registered Yes No No Africa
Tunisian Pirate Party[53] Officially registered No No No
 Turkey Korsan Parti Türkiye Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
 Ukraine Pirate Party Of Ukraine / Піратська Партія України[54] Active but unregistered Yes No No Europe
 United Kingdom Pirate Party UK / Plaid Môr-leidr DU Officially registered No[55] No No Europe
 United States United States Pirate Party Registered in eight states No No No North America
 Uruguay Partido Pirata en Uruguay Active but unregistered No No No South America
 Venezuela Partido Pirata de Venezuela Discussions on forming group[56] — — — South America

Super-national pirate parties

[edit]
Country Name Status Member of Pirate Parties International[2] Elected
 EU European Pirate Party Registered[57] No 4 MEPs
 African Union African Pirate Party Active but unregistered No No

Sub-national and regional pirate parties

[edit]
Country Name Domestic registration status Member of Pirate Parties International[2] Member of European Pirate Party[3] Elected
 Australia Australian Capital Territory Pirate Party ACT[58] Active but unregistered No No No
 Austria Salzburg (state) Salzburger Piratenpartei Officially registered Indirectly through PPAT Indirectly through PPAT No
Tyrol (federal state) Piraten Partei Tirol Officially registered Observer Member Indirectly through PPAT One city councillor[59]
Upper Austria Piratenpartei Oberösterreich Officially registered Indirectly through PPAT Indirectly through PPAT No
Styria Piratenpartei Steiermark Officially registered Indirectly through PPAT Indirectly through PPAT One city councillor
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska Piratska Partija Unclear No No No
 Germany Baden-Württemberg Piratenpartei Baden-Württemberg[60] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 5 city/municipal council seats[24]
Bavaria Piratenpartei Bayern[61] Officially registered Observer Member Indirectly through PPDE 5 city/municipal council seats[24]
Berlin Piratenpartei Berlin[62] Officially registered Observer Member Indirectly through PPDE 4 city/municipal council seats
Brandenburg Piratenpartei Brandenburg[63] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 7 city/municipal council seats[24]
Bremen (state) Piratenpartei Bremen[64] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 5 city/municipal council seats[24]
Hamburg Piratenpartei Hamburg[65] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 4 city/municipal council seats[24]
Hesse Piratenpartei Hessen[66] Officially registered Observer Member Indirectly through PPDE 33 city/municipal council seats[24]
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Piratenpartei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[67] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 2 city/municipal council seats[24]
North Rhine-Westphalia Piratenpartei Nordrhein-Westfalen Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 11 city/municipal council seats[24][68][better source needed]
Lower Saxony Piratenpartei Niedersachsen[69] Officially registered Observer Member Indirectly through PPDE 66 city/municipal council seats[24][70][better source needed]
Rhineland-Palatinate Piratenpartei Rheinland-Pfalz[71] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 1 city/municipal council seats[24]
Saarland Piratenpartei Saarland[72] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE No[73]
Saxony Piratenpartei Sachsen[74] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 3 city/municipal council seats[24]
Saxony-Anhalt Piratenpartei Sachsen-Anhalt[75] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 3 city/municipal council seats[24]
Schleswig-Holstein Piratenpartei Schleswig-Holstein[76] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 2 city/municipal council seats[77]
Thuringia Piratenpartei Thüringen[78] Officially registered Indirectly through PPDE Indirectly through PPDE 2 city/municipal council seats[24]
 United States[79] California California Pirate Party Active but unregistered[80] No No No
Florida Florida Pirate Party[81] Officially registered[82] Observer Member No No
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia Pirate Party[83] Active but unregistered No No No
Hawaii Pirate Party of Hawaii[84] Discussions on forming group No No No
Michigan Michigan Pirate Party[85] Discussions on forming group No No No
Maryland Maryland Pirate Party Discussions on forming group[86] No No No
Massachusetts Massachusetts Pirate Party Officially registered[87] No No No
Minnesota Minnesota Pirate Party Discussions on forming group[88] No No No
New York (state) New York Pirate Party[89] Active but unregistered No No No
Oklahoma Oklahoma Pirate Party[90] Active but unregistered No No No
Oregon Oregon Pirate Party[91] Active but unregistered No No No
San Francisco San Francisco Pirate Party[92][93] Active but unregistered No No No
Washington (state) Washington Pirate Party[94] Active but unregistered No No No
Wisconsin Wisconsin Pirate Party[95] Active and registered No No No
 Spain Catalonia Pirates de Catalunya Officially registered Yes[96] Yes Two municipal councilors
Galicia (Spain) Piratas de Galicia Officially registered[97] Applying for observer membership No No
La Rioja Piratas de La Rioja Officially registered Observer Member No No
Community of Madrid Piratas de Madrid Officially registered No No No
Extremadura Piratas de Extremadura Officially registered No No No

Youth wings

[edit]
Country Parent party Name Domestic registration status Member of Pirate Parties International[2] Member of European Pirate Party[3] Elected
 Austria Pirate Party of Austria Junge Pirat*innen Officially registered No No —
 Belarus Falanster Active but unregistered No No —
 Belgium Pirate Party Belgium Jonge Piraten[98] No official registration required No No —
 Czech Republic Czech Pirate Party Mladé Pirátstvo Officially registered, founding in process No No —
 European Union European Pirates Young Pirates of Europe[99] Officially registered No Observer Membership with rights of Ordinary Membership —
 Finland Piraattipuolue Piraattinuoret Officially registered — — —
 France Parti pirate Jeunes Pirates Officially registered — — —
 Germany Piratenpartei Deutschland Young Pirates[100] Officially registered Observer Member No —
 Japan Piratepartei 海賊党 Young Pirates Officially registered — — —
 Luxembourg Piratepartei Lëtzebuerg Jonk Piraten Officially registered — — —
 Netherlands Piratenpartij Jonge Piraten Active but unregistered No No —
 New Zealand Pirate Party of New Zealand Young Pirates New Zealand Active but unregistered No No —
 Norway Pirate Party of Norway Unge Pirater Officially registered No No —
 Sweden Piratpartiet Young Pirates Sweden Officially registered Observer Member No —
 Iceland Píratar Ungir Piratar Officially registered — — —

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Piratenpartij presenteert verkiezingsprogramma" (in Dutch). 3VOOR12 NL. 2010-05-20. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  2. ^ a b c d "Members of the Pirate Parties International". Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  3. ^ a b c "Members". Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  4. ^ "Partido Pirata de Argentina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  5. ^ "Pirate Party Australia". Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  6. ^ "Pirate Party Australia Voluntary Deregistration" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  7. ^ "The Australian Pirates Leave PPI". Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  8. ^ "Piratenpartei Österreich" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  9. ^ "Bundes- und Tiroler Piraten wieder vereint" (in German). Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  10. ^ "Пиратское движение Беларуси" (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  11. ^ "Deregistration of the Pirate Party of Canada". Elections Canada. News Releases and Media Advisories. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  12. ^ 中国盗版党 (in Chinese). Twitter. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  13. ^ "Paper.li" 中国盗版党党报 (in Chinese). Paper.li. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  14. ^ "New community features for Google Chat and an update on Currents" 中国盗版党 (in Chinese). Google+. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  15. ^ ""Pirates" Get Political". On the commons. 2009-07-07. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  16. ^ Engels, Jan-Niklas (21 May 2012). "¿Quién le teme a los piratas? Una competencia poco ortodoxa para los partidos europeos". Nueva Sociedad.
  17. ^ "Piratska Stranka Hrvatske" (in Croatian).
  18. ^ "Registered Pirate party in Croatia" (in Croatian). Retrieved 2012-04-20.
  19. ^ "Pirate party approved". Copenhagen Post. 2009-09-28. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  20. ^ "Piraadipartei" (in Estonian). Estonian Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  21. ^ "Finland's Pirate Party Enters Official Party Register". YLE Uutiset. YLE. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  22. ^ "Parti Pirate" (in French). Pirate Party (France). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  23. ^ "Piratenpartei Deutschland" (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mandate". Piratenwiki (in German). Piratenpartei Deutschland. 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  25. ^ "Κόμμα Πειρατών Ελλάδας — Pirate party of Greece" (in Greek). Pirate Party of Greece. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  26. ^ "Piratenpartei Griechenland nun offiziell politische Partei". Pirate Party Germany (in German). 2012-02-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  27. ^ "Kalózpárt" (in Hungarian).
  28. ^ "Píratar (4612120690)".
  29. ^ "Píratar komnir í alþjóðasamtökin".
  30. ^ "PPI Court Of Arbitration Ruling 2012-4". Archived from the original on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  31. ^ "Haaretz.com Israel's Pirate Party registers for Knesset election". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  32. ^ "Heise.de Israelische Piratenpartei registriert". Heise (in German). August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  33. ^ "Pirate Party Japan" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2014-05-29.
  34. ^ "Pirātu Partija" (in Latvian). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  35. ^ "Lietuvos Piratų Partija" (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
  36. ^ "Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  37. ^ "The Political Party Registration (for the purpose of Election) Rule, 2063(2007)" (PDF). Kathmandu: Election Commission, Nepal. 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  38. ^ "Piratpartiet er Norges nye landsdekkende parti". 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  39. ^ Active country sections on Pirate Party International forums Archived 2012-06-30 at archive.today as per 21 January 2007.
  40. ^ "Piratska Partija Srbije" (in Serbian).
  41. ^ "Slovenská Pirátska Strana" (in Slovak). Slovak Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  42. ^ Pírek, Michal (25 May 2020). [slovenskipirati.sk "Official website of Pirátska strana - Slovensko"]. Pirátska strana - Slovensko. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  43. ^ Pírek, Michal (22 November 2019). "Wiki Pirátska strana - Slovensko". Wiki.
  44. ^ ""Slovenski pirati" za svobodno medmrežje" ["Slovenian pirates" for a free internet]. Radiotelevizija Slovenija (in Slovenian). 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  45. ^ "Pripluli tudi v Slovenijo" [They've sailed into Slovenia too]. žurnal24. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009.
  46. ^ "Pirati tudi v Sloveniji" [Pirates in Slovenia as well]. inDirekt. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009.
  47. ^ "Piratska stranka Slovenije" (in Slovenian).
  48. ^ "Slovenia also gets a Pirate Party". MMC RTV Slovenije. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  49. ^ "Wahlen 2012 Grosser Gemeinderat" (in German). Stadt Winterthur. 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2012-04-07. Piraten : Sitzanspruch: 1
  50. ^ "台灣海盜黨 Facebook Fanpage". Pirate Party of Taiwan (in preparation). Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  51. ^ "Taiwan Denies Use Of 'Pirate Party' Name Because People Might Think They're Actual Sea-Faring Pirates". Techdirt. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  52. ^ "Pirate Party of Tunisia". Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  53. ^ "Parti Pirate Tunisie" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  54. ^ Піратська Партія Україні (in Ukrainian).
  55. ^ "PPUK leaves PPI". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  56. ^ "Partido pirata de venezuela". Facebook (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  57. ^ "Registration". Facebook.
  58. ^ "Pirate Party ACT". Archived from the original on 2012-11-24. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  59. ^ "ÖVP won Innsbruck board, pirate council" (in German). 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
  60. ^ "Piratenpartei Baden-Württemberg" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  61. ^ "Piratenpartei Bayern" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  62. ^ "Piratenpartei Berlin" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  63. ^ "Piratenpartei Brandenburg" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  64. ^ "Piratenpartei Bremen Bremerhaven" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  65. ^ "Piratenpartei Hamburg" (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  66. ^ "Piratenpartei Hessen" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  67. ^ "Piratenpartei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  68. ^ Mandate, 2012-05-15
  69. ^ "Piratenpartei Niedersachsen" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  70. ^ Mandate, 2012-03-29
  71. ^ "Piratenpartei Rheinland-Pfalz" (in German). Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  72. ^ "Piratenpartei Saarland" (in German). Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  73. ^ Landeswahlleiterin Saarland: Endgültiges amtliches Wahlergebnis der Landtagswahl 2017, Medien-Info 10/27 5 April 2017, retrieved 6 April 2017.
  74. ^ "Piratenpartei Sachsen" (in German). Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  75. ^ "Piratenpartei Sachsen-Anhalt" (in German). Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  76. ^ "Piratenpartei Schleswig-Holstein" (in German). Retrieved 2012-05-06.
  77. ^ "Landtagswahlen in Schleswig-Holstein" (in German). election.de. 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
  78. ^ "Piratenpartei Thüringen" (in German). Retrieved 2012-05-24.
  79. ^ "US State Parties". United States Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  80. ^ "California Pirate Party". California Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  81. ^ "Florida Pirate Party". Florida Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  82. ^ Moffitt, Ryan (2011-03-29). "PRESS RELEASE: Chairman on official recognition". Florida Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  83. ^ "Georgia Pirate Party". Georgia Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  84. ^ "Pirate Party of Hawaii". Facebook. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  85. ^ "Michigan Pirate Party". Michigan Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  86. ^ "Maryland Pirate Party". Maryland Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-07-28.[permanent dead link]
  87. ^ Spak, Kevin (2011-03-09). "Massachusetts' New Political Party: Pirates". Newser. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  88. ^ "Pirate Party of Minnesota". Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  89. ^ "New York Pirate Party launched". Independent Political Report. 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  90. ^ "Oregon Pirate Party". Oregon Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  91. ^ "Oregon Pirate Party". Oregon Pirate Party. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  92. ^ "San Francisco Pirate Party". San Francisco Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  93. ^ @USPirates (29 June 2016). "Pirate Party of San Francisco is signing up a crew, July 11th, 6:30pm, Zeitgeist, 199 Valencia Street via @jdshutt http://piratesf.org/" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  94. ^ "Washington Pirate Party". Washington Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2012-10-27. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  95. ^ "Wisconsin Pirate Party". Wisconsin Pirate Party. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  96. ^ "Ppi ga 2012". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
  97. ^ "Official registry (Piratas de Galicia)" (in Spanish).
  98. ^ "Jonge Piraten" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  99. ^ "Young Pirates of Europe". Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  100. ^ "Junge Piraten" (in German). Archived from the original on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
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