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Lindesnes

Coordinates: 58°06′15″N 07°17′20″E / 58.10417°N 7.28889°E / 58.10417; 7.28889
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Lindesnes Municipality
Lindesnes kommune
Municipality
View of Vigeland, the administrative centre of Lindesnes Municipality
View of Vigeland, the administrative centre of Lindesnes Municipality
Coat of arms of Lindesnes Municipality
Coat of arms
Agder within Norway
Agder within Norway
Lindesnes within Agder
Lindesnes within Agder
Coordinates: 58°06′15″N 07°17′20″E / 58.10417°N 7.28889°E / 58.10417; 7.28889
CountryNorway
CountyAgder
DistrictSørlandet
Established1 Jan 1964
 • Preceded bySpangereid, Sør-Audnedal, and Vigmostad municipalities
Administrative centreMandal
Government
 • Mayor (2023)Alf Erik Andersen (FrP)
Area
 • Total933.53 km2 (360.44 sq mi)
 • Land883.22 km2 (341.01 sq mi)
 • Water50.34 km2 (19.44 sq mi)  5.4%
 • Rank#126 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total23,479
 • Rank#55 in Norway
 • Density26.6/km2 (69/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +5.2%
DemonymsLindesnes-folk
Lindesnesmann (male)
Lindesneskvinne (female)[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formBokmål
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4205[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Lindesnes (English: the Naze) is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Mandal. Other villages in Lindesnes include Åvik, Høllen, Skofteland, Svenevig, Vigmostad, Heddeland, Bjelland, Breland, Koland, Laudal, Øyslebø, Bykjernen, Skjebstad, Sånum-Lundevik, Skogsfjord-Hesland, Krossen, Harkmark, Skinsnes-Ime, and Tregde-Skjernøy.[4]

The 934-square-kilometre (361 sq mi) municipality is the 126th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Lindesnes is the 55th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 23,479. The municipality's population density is 26.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (69/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.2% over the previous 10-year period.[5][6]

General information

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Lindesnes Fjellhallen (Millenium-Fjellhallen built in the rocks 2000–2004)
Lindesnes fyr. The lighthouse is close to the southernmost point of mainland Norway.
Aerial view of the southern coastline of Lindesnes

The municipality of Lindesnes was created as a new municipality on 1 January 1964 after the merger of the older municipalities of Spangereid (population: 899), Sør-Audnedal (population: 2,323), and Vigmostad (population: 589).[7]

On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Mandal and Marnardal were merged into Lindesnes, creating a much larger municipality of Lindesnes. At the same time, the administrative centre of the new, larger municipality was moved to the town of Mandal.[8]

Name

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The oldest Old Norse form of the name was Líðandi. That name is derived from the verb líða which means "lead to an end" or "go to the end" and the meaning of this name is probably just "the end", referring to its location at the southern tip of Norway. A later form was Líðandisnes where the word nes which means "headland" was added (a word that is related to the English forms ness and naze). The traditional English language version of the name is just the Naze, derived from ness meaning headland.[4]

Coat of arms

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The original coat of arms was granted on 25 April 1986 and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was enlarged and a new coat of arms was adopted. The official blazon was "Azure a lighthouse issuant argent" (Norwegian: I blått et oppvoksende sølv fyrtårn). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the top of a lighthouse. The lighthouse has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The lighthouse represents the local Lindesnes Lighthouse, the oldest lighthouse in Norway. It was built in 1655 on the Lindesnes peninsula. The arms were designed by Truls Nygaard who based it after a design by Rolf Dybvig. The municipal flag had the same design as the coat of arms.[9][10][11]

The new coat of arms was granted on 1 January 2020 and it was a slightly more modern take on the old arms. The blazon is "Azure, a lighthouse issuant and a crest a mural crown argent" (Norwegian: På blågrønn bakgrunn, et hvitt fyrtårn med murkrone). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a lighthouse with a crown above the shield. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The new arms have a slightly different design and the addition of a mural crown above the escutcheon to represent the fact that the municipality now includes the town of Mandal. The color was also changed to a more teal blue.[9][12]

  • Former arms in use from 24 April 1986 until 31 December 2019
    Former arms in use from 24 April 1986 until 31 December 2019
  • Current arms in use since 1 January 2020
    Current arms in use since 1 January 2020

Churches

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The Church of Norway has eight parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Lindesnes. It is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Lindesnes
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Bjelland Bjelland Church Bjelland 1793
Holum Holum Church Krossen 1825
Laudal Laudal Church Laudal 1826
Mandal Harkmark Church Harkmark 1613
Mandal Church Mandal 1821
Spangereid Spangereid Church Høllen c. 1140
Valle Valle Church Vigeland 1793
Vigmostad Vigmostad Church Vigmostad 1848
Øyslebø Øyslebø Church Øyslebø 1797

Government

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Lindesnes Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[13] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Lindesnes is made up of 39 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Lindesnes kommunestyre 2023–2027 [14]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 9
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Industry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 2
  The Conservatives (Konservativt) 1
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:39
Lindesnes kommunestyre 2019–2023 [15]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 11
  Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:39
Lindesnes kommunestyre 2015–2019 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Lindesnes kommunestyre 2011–2015 [17]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 2
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:21
Lindesnes kommunestyre 2007–2011 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 2
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Lindesnes kommunestyre 2003–2007 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1999–2003 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1995–1999 [18]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1991–1995 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1987–1991 [20]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1983–1987 [21]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 8
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1979–1983 [22]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 10
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1975–1979 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
  New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
 Cross-party list (Tverrpolitisk Liste)1
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1971–1975 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1967–1971 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:25
Lindesnes kommunestyre 1963–1967 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 8
Total number of members:25

Mayors

[edit]

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Lindesnes:

  • 1964–1967: Gunnar Gulli (V)
  • 1968–1971: Daniel Leland (Sp)
  • 1972–1975: Knut Lunden (KrF)
  • 1976–1979: Terje Gabrielsen (H)
  • 1980–1981: Kenneth Skofteland (KrF)
  • 1982–1983: Peder Skofteland (H)
  • 1984–1987: Kenneth Skofteland (KrF)
  • 1988–1993: Ansgar Gabrielsen (H)
  • 1993–1999: Oddleiv Skagestad (H)
  • 1999–2011: Ivar Lindal (KrF)
  • 2011–2019: Janne Fardal Kristoffersen (H)
  • 2019-2023: Even Sagebakken (Ap)
  • 2023-present: Alf Erik Andersen (FrP)[27]

Geography

[edit]

Lindesnes is a coastal municipality, with a long stretch of coastline to the south. It borders Lyngdal municipality to the west, Evje og Hornnes to the north, and Kristiansand and Vennesla to the east. The Lindesnes Lighthouse stands on the southernmost point of the mainland of Norway, nearly 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) southwest of Knivskjellodden, the northernmost point of mainland Norway. The southern coast of Lindesnes is rugged and includes several fjords such as the Snigsfjorden and Grønsfjorden as well as many islands such as Svinør. The interior of the municipality follows the Audnadalen valley through which the river Audna flows south into the Snigsfjorden.

Climate

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Lindesnes has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). The weather station has been recording since January 1863, and is situated near the Lindesnes lighthouse on a peninsula protruding into the sea. It is the southernmost mainland point in Norway. The all-time high temperature is 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) recorded August 1975; the all-time low is −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F) recorded in January 1987. The five months May - September have not seen any overnight freeze, with coldest low 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) in May 1981 (data since 1954).

Climate data for Lindesnes Lighthouse 1991-2020 (extremes 1954-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18
(64) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27
(81) 		27.3
(81.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		27.3
(81.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5
(41) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.4
(50.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		2
(36) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13
(55) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4
(39) 		8.5
(47.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		0.5
(32.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.9
(44.3)
Record low °C (°F) −18.1
(−0.6) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−11
(12) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6
(43) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−18.1
(−0.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 131.2
(5.17) 		99.7
(3.93) 		87.5
(3.44) 		69
(2.7) 		63.5
(2.50) 		71.9
(2.83) 		81.8
(3.22) 		101.3
(3.99) 		119.1
(4.69) 		151.6
(5.97) 		132.4
(5.21) 		135.2
(5.32) 		1,244.2
(48.97)
Average precipitation days 17 13 13 10 10 9 10 12 14 16 16 17 157
Source 1: yr.no/Norwegian Meteorological Institute[28]
Source 2: NOAA - WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [29]


Climate data for Lindesnes Lighthouse 1961-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.4
(45.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.7
(42.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 109
(4.3) 		72
(2.8) 		83
(3.3) 		60
(2.4) 		71
(2.8) 		65
(2.6) 		78
(3.1) 		102
(4.0) 		125
(4.9) 		143
(5.6) 		146
(5.7) 		105
(4.1) 		1,159
(45.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 14.7 10.2 12.9 9.5 9.5 8.9 8.8 11.4 14.3 15.5 17.4 14.4 147.5
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[30]

Notable people

[edit]

Public service & public thinking

[edit]
Ellen Gleditsch, 1935
Adolph Tidemand, 1838
Gustav Vigeland, 1929
  • Peder Claussøn Friis (1545–1614), a Norwegian clergyman and author
  • Søren Jaabæk (1814 in Holum – 1894), a farmer and politician who was the longest-serving member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1845 to 1891
  • Geirulf Bugge (1862 in Mandal – 1940), a judge and Norwegian Supreme Court Justice
  • Ivar An Christensen (1868 in Mandal – 1934), a ship owner with a fleet of eleven steam ships
  • Elise Sem (1870–1950), a barrister, women's activist, and sports official who grew up in Manadal
  • Ellen Gleditsch (1879 in Mandal – 1968), a radiochemist and Norway's second female professor
  • Karen Platou (1879 in Mandal – 1950), a politician who was the first woman elected Member of Parliament
  • Arne Askildsen (1898–1982), a politician and bailiff of Mandal and Halse og Harkmark from 1928–1968, except during WWII
  • Asbjørn Aavik (1902 in Åvik - 1997), a Norwegian Lutheran missionary to China and writer
  • Leif Edwardsen (1922 in Mandal - 2002), a Norwegian diplomat
  • Knut Aukland (1929 in Vigmostad – 2014), a Norwegian physiologist
  • Ole-Johan Dahl (1931 in Mandal – 2002), Norway's foremost computer scientist
  • Ludvig Hope Faye (1931–2017), a politician who was Mayor of Mandal from 1972–1975
  • Ansgar Gabrielsen (born 1955 in Mandal), a consultant and former politician
  • Janne Haaland Matláry (born 1957), a political scientist, writer, politician, and academic

The Arts

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Sport

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References

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  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ a b Store norske leksikon. "Lindesnes" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  7. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  8. ^ "Nye Lindesnes" (in Norwegian). Lindesnes kommune. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Lindesnes, Vest-Agder (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 25 April 1986. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  12. ^ "Har vedtatt nytt kommunevåpen". NRK Sørlandet (in Norwegian). 21 November 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  13. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  14. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Agder". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Agder". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  17. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Vest-Agder". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  19. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  21. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  23. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  24. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  27. ^ Nordahl, Victoria Marie (13 September 2023). "Lindesnes: Frp får ordføreren og Ap varaordfører". NRK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  28. ^ "yr.no/statistics".
  29. ^ "NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020".
  30. ^ "eKlima Web Portal". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.
  31. ^ Tobias Santelmann at IMDb. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  32. ^ Helene Bøksle at IMDb. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
[edit]

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