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Pale Fire

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For the album by El Perro Del Ma, see Pale Fire (album).
Pale Fire
First US edition of Pale Fire
AuthorVladimir Nabokov
LanguageEnglish
PublisherG. P. Putnam's Sons
Publication date
1962 (corrected edition first published by Vintage International, 1989)
Publication placeUnited States
Pages315
OCLC289702

Pale Fire is a 1962 novel by Vladimir Nabokov. The novel is presented as a 999-line poem titled "Pale Fire", written by the fictional poet John Shade, with a foreword, lengthy commentary and index written by Shade's neighbor and academic colleague, Charles Kinbote. Together these elements form a narrative in which both fictional authors are central characters. Nabokov wrote Pale Fire in 1960–61, after the success of Lolita had made him financially independent, allowing him to retire from teaching and return to Europe.[1][2] Nabokov began writing the novel in Nice and completed it in Montreux, Switzerland.[3]

Pale Fire's unusual structure has attracted much attention, and it is often cited as an important example of metafiction,[4][5] as well as an analog precursor to hypertext fiction, and a poioumenon.[6] It has spawned a wide variety of interpretations and a large body of written criticism, which literary scholar Pekka Tammi [fi] estimated in 1995 as more than 80 studies.[7] The Nabokov authority Brian Boyd has called it "Nabokov's most perfect novel",[8] and the critic Harold Bloom called it "the surest demonstration of his own genius ... that remarkable tour de force".[9]

Novel structure

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Starting with the epigraph and table of contents, Pale Fire is apparently the publication of a 999-line poem in four cantos ("Pale Fire") by the fictional John Shade with a foreword, extensive commentary, and index by his self-appointed editor, Charles Kinbote. Kinbote's commentary takes the form of notes to various numbered lines of the poem. Here, as in the rest of his critical apparatus, Kinbote explicates the poem very little. Focusing monomanically on his own concerns, he divulges what proves to be the plot piece by piece, some of which can be connected by following the many cross-references. Espen Aarseth noted that Pale Fire "can be read either unicursally, straight through, or multicursally, jumping between the comments and the poem."[10] Thus, although the narration is non-linear and multidimensional, the reader can still choose to read the novel in a linear manner without risking misinterpretation.[11]

The interaction between Kinbote and Shade takes place in the fictitious small college town and state of New Wye, Appalachia, where they live across a lane from each other from February to July 1959. Kinbote writes his commentary from then to October 1959 in a tourist cabin in the equally fictitious western town and state of Cedarn, Utana. Both authors recount many earlier events, Shade mostly in New Wye and Kinbote in New Wye and in Europe, especially the "distant northern land" of Zembla.

Plot summary

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Shade's poem digressively describes many aspects of his life. Canto 1 includes his early encounters with death and glimpses of what he takes to be the supernatural. Canto 2 is about his family and the apparent suicide of his daughter, Hazel Shade. Canto 3 focuses on Shade's search for knowledge about an afterlife, culminating in a "faint hope" in higher powers "playing a game of worlds" as indicated by apparent coincidences. Canto 4 offers details on Shade's daily life and creative process, as well as thoughts on his poetry, which he finds to be a means of somehow understanding the universe.

In Kinbote's editorial contributions he tells three stories intermixed with each other. One is his own story, notably including what he thinks of as his friendship with Shade. After Shade was murdered, Kinbote acquired the manuscript, including some variants, and has taken it upon himself to oversee the poem's publication, telling readers that it lacks only line 1000. Kinbote's second story deals with King Charles II, "The Beloved", the deposed king of Zembla. King Charles escaped imprisonment by Soviet-backed revolutionaries, making use of a secret passage and brave adherents in disguise. Kinbote repeatedly claims that he inspired Shade to write the poem by recounting King Charles's escape to him and that possible allusions to the king, and to Zembla, appear in Shade's poem, especially in rejected drafts. However, no explicit reference to King Charles is to be found in the poem. Kinbote's third story is that of Gradus, an assassin dispatched by the new rulers of Zembla to kill the exiled King Charles. Gradus makes his way from Zembla through Europe and America to New Wye, suffering comic mishaps. In the last note, to the missing line 1000, Kinbote narrates how Gradus killed Shade by mistake.

Towards the end of the narrative, Kinbote all but states that he is in fact the exiled King Charles, living incognito; however, enough details throughout the story, as well as direct statements of ambiguous sincerity by Kinbote towards the novel's end, suggest that King Charles and Zembla are both fictitious. In the latter interpretation, Kinbote is delusional and has built an elaborate picture of Zembla complete with samples of a constructed language as a by-product of insanity; similarly, Gradus was simply an unhinged man trying to kill Shade, and his backstory as a revolutionary assassin is also made up.

In an interview, Nabokov later said that Kinbote killed himself after finishing the book.[12] The critic Michael Wood has stated, "This is authorial trespassing, and we don't have to pay attention to it",[13] but Brian Boyd has argued that internal evidence points to Kinbote's suicide.[14] One of Kinbote's annotations to Shade's poem (corresponding to line 493) addresses the subject of suicide at some length.

Explanation of the title

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As Nabokov pointed out himself,[15] the title of John Shade's poem is from Shakespeare's Timon of Athens: "The moon's an arrant thief, / And her pale fire she snatches from the sun" (Act IV, scene 3), a line often taken as a metaphor about creativity and inspiration. Kinbote quotes the passage but does not recognize it, as he says he has access only to an inaccurate Zemblan translation of the play "in his Timonian cave", and in a separate note he even rails against the common practice of using quotations as titles.

Some critics have noted a secondary reference in the book's title to Hamlet, where the Ghost remarks how the glow-worm "'gins to pale his uneffectual fire" (Act I, scene 5).[16]

The title is first mentioned in the foreword: "I recall seeing him from my porch, on a brilliant morning, burning a whole stack of [index cards of drafts of the poem] in the pale fire of the incinerator...".

Reception

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According to Norman Page, Pale Fire excited as diverse criticism as any of Nabokov's novels.[17] Mary McCarthy's review[18] was extremely laudatory; the Vintage edition excerpts it on the front cover.[19] She tried to explicate hidden references and connections. Dwight Macdonald responded by saying the book was "unreadable" and both it and McCarthy's review were as pedantic as Kinbote.[20] Anthony Burgess, like McCarthy, extolled the book,[21] while Alfred Chester condemned it as "a total wreck".[22]

Some other early reviews were less decided,[23] praising the book's satire and comedy but noting its difficulty and finding its subject slight[24][25] or saying that its artistry offers "only a kibitzer's pleasure".[26] Macdonald called the reviews he had seen, other than McCarthy's, "cautiously unfavorable".[20] Time's 1962 review stated that "Pale Fire does not really cohere as a satire; good as it is, the novel in the end seems to be mostly an exercise in agility – or perhaps in bewilderment",[27] though this did not prevent the publication from including the book in its 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels published since 1923.[28]

The connection between Pale Fire and hypertext was stated soon after its publication; in 1969, the information-technology researcher Ted Nelson obtained permission from the novel's publishers to use it for a hypertext demonstration at Brown University.[29] A 2009 paper by Annalisa Volpone also compares Pale Fire to hypertext.[30]

The first Russian translation of the novel, one created by Véra Nabokov, its dedicatee, was published in 1983 by Ardis in Ann Arbor, Michigan[31] (Alexei Tsvetkov initially played an important role in this translation). [32]

After Nabokov's reputation was rehabilitated in the Soviet Union[33] (his novels started being published there in 1986[34] and the first book composed entirely of Nabokov's works was printed in 1988[35]), Pale Fire was published in 1991 in Sverdlovsk (in Sergei Ilyin's Russian translation).[36]

It was ranked 53rd on the list of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels and 1st on the American literary critic Larry McCaffery's 20th Century's Greatest Hits: 100 English-Language Books of Fiction.

Interpretations

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Some readers concentrate on the apparent story, focusing on traditional aspects of fiction such as the relationship among the characters.[37][38] In 1997, Brian Boyd published a much-discussed study[39] arguing that the ghost of John Shade influenced Kinbote's contributions. He expanded this essay into a book in which he also argues that, in order to trigger Shade's poem, Hazel Shade's ghost induced Kinbote to recount his Zemblan delusions to Shade.[40]

Some readers, starting with Mary McCarthy[18] and including Boyd, Nabokov's annotator Alfred Appel,[41] and D. Barton Johnson,[42] see Charles Kinbote as an alter-ego of the insane Professor V. Botkin, to whose delusions John Shade and the rest of the faculty of Wordsmith College generally condescend. Nabokov himself endorsed this reading, stating in an interview in 1962 (the novel's year of publication) that Pale Fire "is full of plums that I keep hoping somebody will find. For instance, the nasty commentator is not an ex-King of Zembla nor is he professor Kinbote. He is professor Botkin, or Botkine, a Russian and a madman."[15] The novel's intricate structure of teasing cross-references leads readers to this "plum". The Index, supposedly created by Kinbote, features an entry for a "Botkin, V.," describing this Botkin as an "American scholar of Russian descent"—and referring to a note in the Commentary on line 894 of Shade's poem, in which no such person is directly mentioned but a character suggests that "Kinbote" is "a kind of anagram of Botkin or Botkine". In this interpretation, "Gradus" the murderer is an American named Jack Grey who wanted to kill Judge Goldsworth, whose house "Pale Fire's" commentator—whatever his "true" name is—is renting. Goldsworth had condemned Grey to an asylum from which he escaped shortly before mistakenly killing Shade, who resembled Goldsworth.

Other readers see a story quite different from the apparent narrative. "Shadeans" maintain that John Shade wrote not only the poem, but the commentary as well, having invented his own death and the character of Kinbote as a literary device. According to Boyd,[39] Andrew Field invented the Shadean theory[43] and Julia Bader expanded it;[44] Boyd himself espoused the theory for a time.[45] In an alternative version of the Shadean theory, Tiffany DeRewal and Matthew Roth argued that Kinbote is not a separate person but is a dissociated, alternative personality of John Shade.[46] (An early reviewer had mentioned that "a case might be made" for such a reading.)[47] "Kinboteans", a decidedly smaller group, believe that Kinbote invented the existence of John Shade. Boyd[39] credits the Kinbotean theory to Page Stegner[48] and adds that most of its adherents are newcomers to the book. Some readers see the book as oscillating undecidably between these alternatives, like the Rubin vase (a drawing that may be two profiles or a goblet).[49][50][51]

Though a minority of commentators believe or at least accept the possibility that Zembla is as "real" as New Wye,[7] most assume that Zembla, or at least the operetta-quaint and homosexually gratified palace life enjoyed by Charles Kinbote before he is overthrown, is imaginary in the context of the story. The name "Zembla" (taken from "Nova Zembla", a former latinization of Novaya Zemlya)[52] may evoke popular fantasy literature about royalty such as The Prisoner of Zenda.[26][53] As in other Nabokov books, however, the fiction is an exaggerated or comically distorted version of his own life[citation needed] as a son of privilege before the Russian Revolution and an exile afterwards,[54] and the central murder has resemblances (emphasized by Priscilla Meyer[55]) to Nabokov's father's murder by an assassin who was trying to kill someone else.

Still other readers de-emphasize any sort of "real story" and may doubt the existence of such a thing. In the interplay of allusions and thematic links, they find a multifaceted image of English literature,[55] criticism,[49] or glimpses of a higher world and an afterlife.[56]

Allusions and references

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The first two lines of John Shade's 999-line poem, "Pale Fire", have become Nabokov's most quoted couplet:

I was the shadow of the waxwing slain
By the false azure in the window pane

Like many of Nabokov's fictions, Pale Fire alludes to others of his. "Hurricane Lolita" is mentioned, and "Pnin" appears as a minor character. There are many resemblances to "Ultima Thule" and "Solus Rex",[57] two short stories by Nabokov intended to be the first two chapters of a novel in Russian that he never continued. The placename Thule appears in Pale Fire, as does the phrase solus rex (a chess problem in which one player has no pieces but the king).

The book is also full of references to culture, nature, and literature. They include, but are not limited to:

See also The Ambidextrous Universe, a later book referencing Pale Fire which in turn triggered a reciprocal response in a subsequent Nabokov novel (Ada, 1969).

References

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  1. ^ Boyd, Brian. "Shade and shape in pale fire". www.libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  2. ^ Walter, Brian. "Synthesizing artistic delight: the lesson of pale fire". www.libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  3. ^ Roth, Matthew (2015). "THE COMPOSITION OF NABOKOV'S PALE FIRE" (PDF). Nabokov Online Journal. IX. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  4. ^ McCaffery, Larry (1982). The Metafictional Muse: The Works of Robert Coover, Donald Barthelme, and William H. Gass. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8229-3462-0. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  5. ^ Waugh, Patricia (January 1984). Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. Methuen & Co. pp. 15, 85. ISBN 0-416-32630-7. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  6. ^ Fowler, Alastair (1989). The History of English Literature. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 372. ISBN 0-674-39664-2.
  7. ^ a b Tammi, Pekka (1995). "Pale Fire". In Vladimir E. Alexandrov (ed.). The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov. Garland Publishing. pp. 571–585. ISBN 0-8153-0354-8.
  8. ^ Boyd, Brian (2002). "Nabokov: A Centennial Toast". In Jane Grayson; Arnold McMillin; Priscilla Meyer (eds.). Nabokov's World. Volume 2: Reading Nabokov. Palgrave. p. 11. ISBN 0-333-96417-9.
  9. ^ Bloom, Harold (2003). Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69129-1.
  10. ^ Aarseth, Espen (1997). Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-8018-5579-9. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  11. ^ Chénetier, Marc (1996). Beyond Suspicion: New American Fiction Since 1960. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8122-3059-8. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  12. ^ Nabokov, Vladimir (1973). Strong Opinions. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 74. ISBN 0-679-72609-8.
  13. ^ Wood, Michael (1994). The Magician's Doubts: Nabokov and the Risks of Fiction. Princeton University Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-691-00632-6.
  14. ^ Boyd, Brian (2001) [1999]. Nabokov's "Pale Fire": The Magic of Artistic Discovery. Princeton University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-691-08957-4.
  15. ^ a b Dolbier, Maurice (June 17, 1962). "Books and Authors: Nabokov's Plums". The New York Herald Tribune. p. 5.
  16. ^ Grabes, Herbert (1995). "Nabokov and Shakespeare: The English Works". In Vladimir Alexandrov (ed.). The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov. Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 509–510. ISBN 0-8153-0354-8. See also references therein.
  17. ^ Page, Norman, ed. (1982). Vladimir Nabokov: The Critical Heritage (1997 ed.). Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 29. ISBN 0-415-15916-4. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
  18. ^ a b McCarthy, Mary (June 4, 1962). "A Bolt from the Blue". The New Republic. Retrieved 2018-01-14. Revised version in Mary McCarthy (2002). A Bolt from the Blue and Other Essays. New York: The New York Review of Books. pp. 83–102. ISBN 1-59017-010-5.
  19. ^ The quotation is "a creation of perfect beauty, symmetry, strangeness... one of the very great works of art of this century".
  20. ^ a b Macdonald, Dwight (Summer 1962). "Virtuosity Rewarded, or Dr. Kinbote's Revenge". Partisan Review: 437–442. Partially reprinted in Page, Critical Heritage, pp. 137–140
  21. ^ Burgess, Anthony (November 15, 1962). "Nabokov Masquerade". Yorkshire Post. Partially reprinted in Page, Critical Heritage, p. 143.
  22. ^ Chester, Alfred (November 1962). "Pale Fire, by Vladimir Nabokov". Commentary. Reprinted in Chester, Alfred (1992). Looking for Genet: Literary Essays and Reviews. Black Sparrow Press. ISBN 0-87685-872-8. Quoted by Page, Critical Heritage, p. 29.
  23. ^ "In an Elaborate Spoof, Nabokov Takes Us to the Never-Never Land of Zembla". www.nytimes.com. 1962. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  24. ^ Steiner, George (July 7, 1962). "Review of Pale Fire". Reporter: 42, 44–45. Partially reprinted in Page, Critical Heritage, p. 140.
  25. ^ Dennis, Nigel (November 11, 1962). "It's Hard to Name This Butterfly!". Sunday Telegraph. p. 6. Reprinted in Page, Critical Heritage, pp. 142–143.
  26. ^ a b Kermode, Frank (November 9, 1962). "Zemblances". New Statesman: 671–672. Reprinted in Page, Critical Heritage, pp. 144–148
  27. ^ "Books: The Russian Box Trick". TIME. 1 June 1962. Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  28. ^ Grossman, Lev (16 October 2005). "Pale Fire (1962), by Vladimir Nabokov". TIME. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  29. ^ Wolf, Gary (June 1995). "The Curse of Xanadu". Wired. Vol. 3, no. 6. p. 5.
  30. ^ Volpone, Annalisa (2009). "'See the Web of the World': The (Hyper) Textual Plagiarism in Joyce's Finnegans Wake and Nabokov's Pale Fire" (PDF). Nabokov Online Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  31. ^ ""Бледный огонь" Владимира Набокова Библиография". Набоков В. Бледный огонь. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1983. — Пер. В. Набоковой.
  32. ^ "Набоков в Америке". Алек��ей Цветков: Я переводил Набокова, но это, надо сказать, довольно печальный эпизод в моей жизни. Скажу очень коротко, что получилось. Я переводил книгу "Бледный огонь" по собственной воле. Когда работу одобрил издатель, я связался с вдовой Набокова Верой. В ходе этой переписки правка достигла такого размера, что я отказался подписывать перевод своим именем. В результате вся работа была передана другому человеку, а в конце концов книга вышла как перевод Веры Набоковой.
  33. ^ Boyd, Brian (1991). Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 662. ISBN 9780691067971.
  34. ^ "Novelist Nabokov Finally Published in Soviet Union". Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1986.
  35. ^ "Основные издания произведений Владимира Набокова". Машенька. Защита Лужина. Приглашение на казнь. Другие берега (фрагменты). Романы/ Вступит. статья, составление и комментарий О. Михайлова. - М.: Художественная литература, 1988.
  36. ^ "Основные издания произведений Владимира Набокова". Бледное пламя: Роман и рассказы. Перевод С. Ильина. Свердловск: Независимое издательское предприятие "91", 1991
  37. ^ Alter, Robert (1993). "Autobiography as Alchemy in Pale Fire". Cycnos. 10: 135–41.
  38. ^ Pifer, Ellen (1980). Nabokov and the Novel. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 110–118.
  39. ^ a b c Boyd, Brian (1997). "Shade and Shape in Pale Fire". Nabokov Studies. 4: 173–224. doi:10.1353/nab.2011.0072. Retrieved 2006-09-26.
  40. ^ Boyd, Magic of Artistic Discovery.
  41. ^ Appel, Alfred Jr., ed. (1991). The Annotated Lolita. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-72729-9. Appel's annotations to Lolita also address Pale Fire, and "in place of a note on the text", Appel reproduces the last two paragraphs of Kinbote's foreword, which discuss poetry and commentary.
  42. ^ Johnson, D. Barton (1985). Worlds in Regression: Some Novels of Vladimir Nabokov. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis. ISBN 0-88233-908-7.
  43. ^ Field, Andrew (1967). Nabokov: His Life in Art. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 291–332.
  44. ^ Bader, Julia (1972). Crystal Land: Artifice in Nabokov's English Novels. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 31–56. ISBN 9780520021679.
  45. ^ Boyd, Brian (1991). Vladimir Nabokov: the American Years. Princeton University Press. pp. 425–456. ISBN 0-691-06797-X. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
  46. ^ DeRewal, Tiffany; Roth, Matthew (2009). "John Shade's Duplicate Selves: An Alternative Shadean Theory of Pale Fire" (PDF). Nabokov Online Journal. 3. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  47. ^ Diebold, Michael (May 31, 1962). "The World of Books: An Exercise in Madness". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 9. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  48. ^ Stegner, Page (1966). Escape into Aesthetics. New York: Dial.
  49. ^ a b Kernan, Alvin B. (1982). The Imaginary Library: An Essay on Literature and Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691065045. Reprinted as "Reading Zemblan: The Audience Disappears in Pale Fire" in Bloom, Harold, ed. (1987). Vladimir Nabokov. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 101–126. ISBN 1-55546-279-0.
  50. ^ McHale, Brian (1987). Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-415-04513-4.
  51. ^ See also the archives of NABOKV-L for December 1997 and January 1998. That mailing list contains many discussions of Pale Fire.
  52. ^ Boyd notes that Swift's Battle of the Books contains "a malignant deity, call'd Criticism" that "dwelt on the Top of a snowy Mountain in Nova Zembla". Magic of Artistic Discovery, p. 79.
  53. ^ Hornick, Neil; Boyd, Brian (March 10, 2005). "Pale Fire and The Prisoner of Zenda". Retrieved 2008-01-19. An exchange from NABOKV-L.
  54. ^ Nabokov, Speak, Memory
  55. ^ a b c Meyer, Priscilla (1989). Find What the Sailor Has Hidden: Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-5206-2.
  56. ^ Moynahan, Julian (1971). Vladimir Nabokov. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 40–45. ISBN 0-8166-0600-5. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  57. ^ Boyd (1999) reviews the resemblances.
  58. ^ a b c de Vries, Gerard (1991). "Fanning the Poet's Fire: Some Remarks on Nabokov's Pale Fire". Russian Literature Triquarterly. 24: 239–267.
  59. ^ Boyd, Magic of Artistic Discovery, pp. 278–279.
  60. ^ a b c d Boyd, Brian (1996). "Notes". In Vladimir Nabokov; Brian Boyd (eds.). Nabokov: Novels 1955–1962: Lolita / Pnin / Pale Fire. Library of America. ISBN 1-883011-19-1.
  61. ^ Appel, Alfred Jr. (1974). Nabokov's Dark Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-19-501834-6.
  62. ^ Donohue, Michael (2004-10-31). "Chapman's Homer: Definitive Statement". Post to NABOKV-L. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009.
  63. ^ Croning, Brian (2011-02-16). "Sports Legend Revealed: Did Vladimir Nabokov work an actual baseball headline into his novel 'Pale Fire'?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  64. ^ "Philadelphia Athletics at New York Yankees Box Score, September 28, 1939". Baseball-reference.com.
  65. ^ a b Roth, Matthew (2007). "Three Allusions in Pale Fire". The Nabokovian. 58: 53–60.
  66. ^ Boyd, Magic of Artistic Discovery, p. 271.
  67. ^ Socher, Abraham (July 1, 2005). "Nabokov". Times Literary Supplement.
  68. ^ Dolinin, Alexander (1995-12-12). "Re: Library of America queries (fwd)". Post to NABOKV-L. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  69. ^ Sisson, Jonathan B. (1995). "Nabokov and some Turn-of-the-Century English Writers". In Vladimir E. Alexandrov (ed.). The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov. Garland Publishing. p. 530. ISBN 0-8153-0354-8.
  70. ^ Shvabrin, Stanislav. "Nabokov's 'La Belle Dame sans Merci': A Study in the Ethics and Effects of Literary Adaptation," Comparative Literature 65.1 (2013), pp. 117–118.
  71. ^ McDiarmid, Angus (1815). Striking and picturesque delineations of the grand, beautiful, wonderful, and interesting scenery around Loch-Earn. John Moir. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
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