Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Sodium cyanide: Difference between pages

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 464400731

| Name = Sodium cyanide

| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide.svg

| = Sodiumcyanide

| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding

| =

| IUPACName =

| SystematicName =

|

ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite||EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 1644697

| InChI = /CN.Na/c1-2;/q-1;+1

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| =

| =

| RTECS = VZ7525000

| UNNumber = 1689

| EINECS = 205-599-4

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = NaCN

| MolarMass = 49.0072 g/mol

| Appearance = white solid

| Odor = faint [[Almond#Sweet and bitter almonds|bitter almond]]-like

| Density = 1.5955 g/cm³

| Solubility = 48.15 g/100 mL (10 °C) <br> 63.7 g/100 mL (25 °C)

| SolubleOther = soluble in [[ammonia]], [[methanol]], [[ethanol]] <br> very slightly soluble in [[dimethylformamide]], [[sulfur dioxide|SO₂]] <br> insoluble in [[dimethyl sulfoxide]]

| = .

| BoilingPtC = 1496

| RefractIndex = 1.452

| Section3 =

| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry

| Thermochemistry_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930681942 |title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. |date=2016 |others=William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno |isbn=978-1-4987-5428-6 |edition=2016-2017, 97th |location=Boca Raton, Florida |oclc=930681942}}</ref>

| HeatCapacity = 70.4&nbsp;J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹

| Entropy = 115.6&nbsp;J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹

| DeltaHform = −87.5&nbsp;kJ·mol⁻¹

| DeltaGfree = −76.4&nbsp;kJ·mol⁻¹

| DeltaHcombust =

| DeltaHfus = 8.79&nbsp;kJ·mol⁻¹

| =

| DeltaHsublim =

| HHV =

| LHV =

}}

| Section5 =

| Section6 =

| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards

| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1118.htm ICSC 1118]

| GHSPictograms = {{GHS skull and crossbones}} {{GHS environment}}

| NFPA-H = 4

| NFPA-F = 0

| NFPA-R = 0

| NFPA-S =

| FlashPt = Non-flammable

| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br/>4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)<br/>15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)<br/>8 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref>{{IDLH|cyanides|Cyanides (as CN)}}</ref>

| IDLH = 25 mg/m³ (as CN)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0562}}</ref>

| REL = C 5 mg/m³ (4.7 ppm) [10-minute]<ref name=PGCH/>

| PEL = TWA 5 mg/m³<ref name=PGCH/>

| Section8 = {{Chembox Related

| OtherCations = [[Potassium cyanide]]

| = [[Hydrogen cyanide]]

'''Sodium cyanide''' is a [[poisonous]] [[Chemical compound|compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] [[sodium|Na]][[carbon|C]][[nitrogen|N]]. It is a white, water-soluble solid. [[Cyanide]] has a high affinity for metals, which leads to the high toxicity of this salt. Its main application, in [[gold mining]], also exploits its high reactivity toward metals. It is a [[strong base|moderately strong base]].

==Production and chemical properties==

Sodium cyanide is produced by treating [[hydrogen cyanide]] with [[sodium hydroxide]]:<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|first1=Andreas|last1=Rubo|first2=Raf|last2=Kellens|first3=Jay|last3=Reddy|first4=Norbert |last4=Steier|first5=Wolfgang |last5=Hasenpusch|title=Alkali Metal Cyanides|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.i01_i01}}</ref>

:HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of [[sodium amide]] with carbon at elevated temperatures.

: NaNH₂ + C → NaCN + H₂

The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of [[sodium chloride]].<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}.</ref> The anions and cations are each six-coordinate. [[Potassium cyanide]] (KCN) adopts a similar structure. <ref>{{cite journal | journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 47 | issue = 17 | year = 1993 | pages = 11082–11092 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.11082 | title = Structure of potassium cyanide at low temperature and high pressure determined by neutron diffraction |author1=H. T. Stokes |author2=D. L. Decker |author3=H. M. Nelson |author4=J. D. Jorgensen | pmid = 10005242 | bibcode = 1993PhRvB..4711082S | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1233725 | type = Submitted manuscript }}</ref>

When treated with [[acid]], it forms the toxic gas [[hydrogen cyanide]]:

: NaCN + H⁺ → HCN + Na⁺

Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by [[hydrolysis]]; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter [[almonds]] (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait<ref>{{OMIM|304300}}</ref>). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H₂O₂) to produce [[sodium cyanate]] (NaOCN) and water:<ref name="Ullmann" />

:NaCN + H₂O₂ → NaOCN + H₂O

==Applications==

===Cyanide mining===

{{Anchor|Sodium gold cyanide|Sodium dicyanoaurate}}

[[Gold cyanidation]] (also known as the cyanide process) is the dominant technique for extracting [[gold]], much of which is obtained from low-grade [[ore]]. More than 70% of cyanide consumption globally is used for this purpose. The application exploits the high affinity of gold(I) for cyanide, which induces gold metal to oxidize and dissolve in the presence of air (oxygen) and water, producing the salt '''sodium dicyanoaurate''' (or sodium gold cyanide) (NaAu(CN)₂):<ref name=Ullmann/>

:4{{nbsp}}Au + 8{{nbsp}}NaCN + O₂ + 2{{nbsp}}H₂O → 4{{nbsp}}Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4{{nbsp}}NaOH

A similar process uses [[potassium cyanide]] (KCN, a close relative of sodium cyanide) to produce [[potassium dicyanoaurate]] (KAu(CN)₂).

===Chemical feedstock===

Several commercially significant chemical compounds are derived from cyanide, including [[cyanuric chloride]], [[cyanogen chloride]], and many [[nitrile]]s. In [[organic synthesis]], cyanide, which is classified as a strong [[nucleophile]], is used to prepare [[nitrile]]s, which occur widely in many chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. Illustrative is the synthesis of [[benzyl cyanide]] by the reaction of [[benzyl chloride]] and sodium cyanide.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Roger|last2=Thal|first2=A. F.|title=Benzyl cyanide|journal=Organic Syntheses|date=1922|volume=2|page=9|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.002.0009}}</ref>

===Niche uses===

Being highly toxic, sodium cyanide is used to kill or stun rapidly such as in collecting jars used by [[entomologist]]s and in widely illegal [[cyanide fishing]].

==Toxicity==

{{main|Cyanide poisoning}}

Sodium cyanide, like other soluble cyanide salts, is among the most rapidly acting of all known poisons. NaCN is a potent inhibitor of [[cellular respiration|respiration]], acting on mitochondrial [[cytochrome oxidase]] and hence blocking electron transport. This results in decreased oxidative metabolism and oxygen utilization. [[Lactic acidosis]] then occurs as a consequence of anaerobic metabolism. An oral dosage as small as 200–300&nbsp;mg can be fatal.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), [http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/doc/fichetox.html?refINRS=FT%20111 "Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium"], ''Fiche toxicologique n° 111'', Paris, 2006, 6 pp. (PDF file, ''in French'')

* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1118.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1118]

* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad61.htm Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides] ([[CICAD]] 61)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517035532/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/29.html National Pollutant Inventory - Cyanide compounds fact sheet]

* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0562.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]

* {{EINECSLink|205-599-4}}

* {{PubChem}}

* [http://www.reptox.csst.qc.ca/Produit.asp?no_produit=4275&nom=Sodium+cyanide CSST (Canada)]

* [http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/90972.pdf Sodium cyanide hazards to fish and other wildlife from gold]

{{Sodium compounds}}

{{Cyanides}}

{{Molecules detected in outer space}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cyanides]]

[[Category:Photographic chemicals]]

[[Category:Sodium compounds]]