Jadgal people

Jadgal
Nummaṛ; نماڑ; الزيغآلي
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan	100,000
Iran	25,000
Languages
	Jadgali and Balochi (Makrani dialect)
Religion
	Islam
Related ethnic groups
	Sindhis

The Jaḍgāl (lit. 'Jaṭṭ-speakers';^[3] also known as, Jatgal,^[4] Nummaṛ or az-Zighālī) is an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group which speaks the Jadgali language.^[5] Jadgals are present in the Balochistan region of Iran and Pakistan, as well as in Oman.^[6]

History

Jadgal people are often connected with the Jats of Balochistan.^[7] They migrated from Sindh via Bela to Panjgur.^[8]^{[full citation needed]}^[9]^[2] Anthropologist Henry Field notes the origin of the Jadgals to be in the western Indian subcontinent; they subsequently migrated to Kulanch and are still found in Sindh and Balochistan.^[10]^[11] Regardless of their origins, they are generally seen as Baloch by the society in Balochistan.^[12]

When the Arabs arrived in modern-day Sindh and Baluchistan, they met the Jadgal at the coast of Makran where the Arab name of az-Zighālī comes from.^[13] In 1811, Saidi Balochis as well as Jadgal mercenary troops were killed in a battle with the Wahhabis against the Sultanate of Oman.^[14] The modern-day Jadgals in Oman claim to be descended from Arabs, however they also accept the folk etymology of them being from Sindh, in the lower indus valley.^[15]

Demographics

Around 100,000 Jadgals live in Pakistan according to a 1998 census conducted by Pakistan.^[16] In Iran, the Sardarzahi ethnic group is of Jadgal origin, claiming to be from Sindh.^[17] The rest of the Jadgals number around 25,000 according to a 2008 census conducted by Iran.^[13] All of the Jadgals in Iran live in the Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan and Kerman provinces.^[18]^[19]

Language

Jadgal people in Balochistan speak Jadgali language, although they converse with strangers in Balochi.^[12] Many linguists believe the Lasi dialect of the Lasi people may be related to Jadgali.^[20] The Jadgali tongue in Oman is similar to the language of Al Lawatia.^[15]

Tribes

References

^ Butt, Allah Rakhio (August 15, 1998). Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh. p. 306. ISBN 9789694050508 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Adamec, Ludwig W. (1976). Historical Gazetteer of Iran: Zahidan and southeastern Iran. Akad. Dr.- u. Verlag-Anst. pp. 22, 282. ISBN 978-3-201-01428-1. The Jadgals (q.v.) are a Sindi tribe, undoubtedly of Lumri origin. Originally called in as mercenaries or auxiliaries.
^ Brian J. Spooner; Jim G. Shaffer; Josef Elfenbein; Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿūdīya; Siawosch Azadi (23 March 2022). "BALUCHISTAN". Brill referenceworks. Brill. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_6516.
^ Field, Henry (1959). "An Anthropological Reconnaissance in West Pakistan, 1955". Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. 52. Cambridge: Harvard University: 49.
^ Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Gren-Eklund, Gunilla (2003). The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Reichert. p. 172. ISBN 978-3-89500-366-0.
^ "Pakistan Economist". October 1975.
^ "Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman" (PDF). JE Peterson.
^ Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1964. p. 30. Jadgals who migrated from Sind via Bela to Panjgur.
^ Spooner, Brian (1969). "Politics, Kinship, and Ecology in Southeast Persia". Ethnology. 8 (2). University of Pittsburgh: 139–152. doi:10.2307/3772976. ISSN 0014-1828. The Jadgāl claim to have immigrated from Sind some ten generations ago.
^ Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. University of Michigan. p. 197. Since they appear to be a purely Indian people, it is presumed that they migrated westward. Although the name Jadgals is now confined to Kulanch, the influential Rais-Baluch are connected with them.
^ Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. Field Research Projects. p. 197.
^ ^a ^b Spooner, Brian (1975). "Nomadism in Baluchistan". In Leshnik, Lawrence S.; Sontheime, Günther-Dietz (eds.). Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia. Wiesbaden, Germany: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 171–182. ISBN 3-447-01552-7.
^ ^a ^b Barjasteh Delforooz, Behrooz (August 15, 2008). "A sociolinguistic survey among the Jadgal in Iranian Balochistan". The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-Political Perspectives in Pluralism in Balochistan (Conference). Wiesbaden: Reichert: 23–43. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6 – via uu.diva-portal.org.
^ Mirzai, Behnaz A. (16 May 2017). A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800–1929 (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477311868.
^ ^a ^b Barth, Fredrik (1983). Sohar, culture and society in an Omani town. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780801828409.
^ "ScholarlyCommons :: Home". repository.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
^ Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 106. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5.
^ Jahani, Carina (2014). "The Baloch as an Ethnic Group in the Persian Gulf Region". The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 267–297. doi:10.1057/9781137485779_11. ISBN 978-1-349-50380-3.
^ "Documentation of the Jadgali language | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
^ "Glottolog 4.7 - Lasi-Jadgali". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

[1] Butt, Allah Rakhio (August 15, 1998). Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh. p. 306. ISBN 9789694050508 – via Google Books.

[Adamec-1976-2] Adamec, Ludwig W. (1976). Historical Gazetteer of Iran: Zahidan and southeastern Iran. Akad. Dr.- u. Verlag-Anst. pp. 22, 282. ISBN 978-3-201-01428-1. The Jadgals (q.v.) are a Sindi tribe, undoubtedly of Lumri origin. Originally called in as mercenaries or auxiliaries.

[3] Brian J. Spooner; Jim G. Shaffer; Josef Elfenbein; Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿūdīya; Siawosch Azadi (23 March 2022). "BALUCHISTAN". Brill referenceworks. Brill. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_6516.

[4] Field, Henry (1959). "An Anthropological Reconnaissance in West Pakistan, 1955". Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. 52. Cambridge: Harvard University: 49.

[5] Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Gren-Eklund, Gunilla (2003). The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Reichert. p. 172. ISBN 978-3-89500-366-0.

[6] "Pakistan Economist". October 1975.

[Peterson-7] "Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman" (PDF). JE Peterson.

[8] Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1964. p. 30. Jadgals who migrated from Sind via Bela to Panjgur.

[9] Spooner, Brian (1969). "Politics, Kinship, and Ecology in Southeast Persia". Ethnology. 8 (2). University of Pittsburgh: 139–152. doi:10.2307/3772976. ISSN 0014-1828. The Jadgāl claim to have immigrated from Sind some ten generations ago.

[10] Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. University of Michigan. p. 197. Since they appear to be a purely Indian people, it is presumed that they migrated westward. Although the name Jadgals is now confined to Kulanch, the influential Rais-Baluch are connected with them.

[11] Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. Field Research Projects. p. 197.

[Spooner-1975-12] Spooner, Brian (1975). "Nomadism in Baluchistan". In Leshnik, Lawrence S.; Sontheime, Günther-Dietz (eds.). Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia. Wiesbaden, Germany: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 171–182. ISBN 3-447-01552-7.

[Barjasteh_Delforooz-2008-13] Barjasteh Delforooz, Behrooz (August 15, 2008). "A sociolinguistic survey among the Jadgal in Iranian Balochistan". The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-Political Perspectives in Pluralism in Balochistan (Conference). Wiesbaden: Reichert: 23–43. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6 – via uu.diva-portal.org.

[14] Mirzai, Behnaz A. (16 May 2017). A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800–1929 (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477311868.

[Barth-1983-15] Barth, Fredrik (1983). Sohar, culture and society in an Omani town. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780801828409.

[:0-16] "ScholarlyCommons :: Home". repository.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

[Breseeg-17] Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 106. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5.

[18] Jahani, Carina (2014). "The Baloch as an Ethnic Group in the Persian Gulf Region". The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 267–297. doi:10.1057/9781137485779_11. ISBN 978-1-349-50380-3.

[19] "Documentation of the Jadgali language | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.

[20] "Glottolog 4.7 - Lasi-Jadgali". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

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