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{{short description|A standard in US copyright law}}
{{Intellectual property}}


[https://howtodiscuss.com/t/how-many-water-bottles-in-a-gallon/6364/45 How many bottles water in a gallon,] and '''how-many-water-bottles-in-a-gallon
'''Substantial similarity''', in [[US copyright law]], is the standard used to determine whether a defendant has infringed the reproduction right of a copyright. The standard arises out of the recognition that the exclusive right to make copies of a work would be meaningless if [[copyright infringement]] were limited to making only exact and complete reproductions of a work.<ref name="Patry">{{cite book |last= Patry |first= William |authorlink= William Patry |title= Patry on Copyright |url=http://store.westlaw.com/patry-on-copyright/139343/40449295/productdetail? |edition=September 2009 |volume= 3|publisher= Thomson West|section= §9 }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2011}} Many courts also use "substantial similarity" in place of "probative" or "striking similarity" to describe the level of similarity necessary to prove that copying has occurred.<ref>Abrams, Howard B. ''2 Law of Copyright §14:5''</ref> A number of tests have been devised by courts to determine substantial similarity. They may rely on expert or lay observation or both and may subjectively judge the feel of a work or critically analyze its elements.
Relationships with different units
Divide both American liquid and majestic gallons into four quarts (a quarter gallon) and two pints. These pints are separated into two bottles (but this wonderful pot is now occasionally used), and it is divided into two (gills are occasionally added). According to these lines, one gallon is equivalent to four quartz, eight pints, sixteen vessels, or thirty-two gills. The wonderful hybrid is divided into five liquid ounces, while the American gills are divided into four liquid ounces. There, in the past, the majestic liquid ounce was 1/20 of the royal 16 ounces or 1/160 of the magnificent gallon, while the American liquid ounce was 1/16 of the US half-quarter or 1/128 of the US gallon.
Premium gallons, quartz, half-quartz, containers, and gills are about 20 percent larger than their US counterparts, making them unsuitable. Magnificent ounces of liquid are still only 4% less than ounces of liquid in the United States, and these lines often use the opposite.
Alcohol is regularly sold in the United States at “one-fifth,” which is about one-fifth of a gallon in the United States.
How many water bottles in a gallon?
You need to know how many gallons of water there are in a gallon, so you need to understand that there are 120 ounces of water in a gallon.
The chart below shows you how many jars you need to drink to drink one gallon of water every day.
With this knowledge, we will be able to calculate the size of the container we plan to make per gallon.
Liquid ounce per gallon (graph)
1 gallon of water = 8 ounces per 15 bottles (1 bottle)
1 gallon of water = 7.5 bottles per 16 ounces (1 half quart)
1 gallon of water = 7.1 bottles, 16.9 ounces each
1 gallon of water = 4.61 bottles of 26 ounces each
1 gallon of water = 3.75 bottles per 32 ounces (1 quart)
1 gallon of water = 3.55 containers (1 liter) per 335 ounces
For office water services, we recommend drinking at least 1 gallon of water daily for well-being and weight loss. The above review makes it very easy to convert an ounce of liquid into a gallon of its original form.
Use the diagram below to guide you in calculating the various gallons
The size of the water tank in gallons depends on the size of the water tank. A gallon is 128 ounces; To get the answer, divide 128 by the number of ounces in the water tank.
One gallon of water is 128 ounces in the United States. The size of the water tank can vary, but a total of 128 ounces can fit in one gallon. For example, a water tank measures 16 ounces, 8 of which make up one gallon. If the water tank is 32 ounces, only 4 of them make up a gallon. A 1-liter bottle of water weighs approximately 33.8 ounces, so 3.8 of these bottles make up a gallon.
The number of [https://howtodiscuss.com/t/how-many-water-bottles-in-a-gallon/6364/45 water bottles] per gallon will be different for different measuring systems. The reason is that a different measuring system operates different volumes of liquids in gallons. By doing elementary math, it is evident that a gallon bottle can occupy the next liter of water as it does in various measuring systems.


1 US liquid gallon = 3.785 liters or 231 cubic inches
==Substantial similarity in copyright infringement==
{{See also|Copyright infringement}}
To win a claim of copyright infringement in civil or criminal court, a plaintiff must show he or she '''owns a valid copyright''', the defendant '''actually copied''' the work, and the level of copying amounts to [[misappropriation]].<ref name="Patry" /><ref name=McCarthy>{{cite book | last = McCarthy | first = J. Thomas |author2=Roger E. Schecter |author3=David J. Franklyn | title = McCarthy's Desk Encyclopedia of Intellectual Property | edition = 3 | publisher = BNA Books | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-57018-401-1 | pages = 576–577}}</ref> Under the doctrine of substantial similarity, a work can be found to infringe copyright even if the wording of text has been changed or visual or audible elements are altered.<ref>{{cite book | title= Substantial similarity in copyright law | first = Eric C. | last = Osterberg | publisher = Practising Law Institute | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-4024-0341-0 | page = §1:1, 1–2 | quote =With respect to the copying of individual elements, a defendant need not copy the entirety of the plaintiff's copyrighted work to infringe, and he need not copy verbatim.}}</ref>


1 British or Imperial gallon = 4.546 liters or 277.4 cubic inches
Confusion arises because some courts use "substantial similarity" in two different contexts during a copyright infringement case.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Latman | first = Alan | title = "Probative Similarity" as proof of copying: toward dispelling some myths in copyright infringement | journal = [[Columbia Law Review]] | volume = 90 | issue = 5 |date=June 1990 | pages = 1187–1214 | doi = 10.2307/1122876 | publisher = Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. | ref = harv | jstor = 1122876}}</ref> In the first context, it refers to that level of similarity sufficient to prove that copying has occurred, once access has been demonstrated. In the second context, it is used after it has been shown that a defendant had copied to determine if what had been copied is legally actionable or amounts to misappropriation. Some courts use "striking" or "probative" instead of "substantial" to describe the level of similarity needed in the first context to avoid confusion.<ref name="Patry" />{{Page needed|date=June 2011}} The second meaning, which Justice [[Jon O. Newman]] referred to in 1997 as the more proper use, defines "the threshold for determining that the degree of similarity suffices to demonstrate actionable infringement" exists, "after the fact of copying has been established." <ref>''Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television, Inc.'' ([http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/126/70/497885/ 126 F.3d 70] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2nd Cir.]], 1997).</ref>


So how many bottles of water are in a gallon? A US water gallon contains 128 fluid ounces, while an imperial gallon contains 160 fluid ounces. There are 7.47 16.9 oz (500ml) water bottles in a US gallon while a UK gallon or imperial gallon contains 9.46 16.9 oz (500ml) water bottles.
===Striking similarity===


Note: The liter is the basic unit of volume in the metric system. One liter of water weighs one kilogram.
Direct evidence of actual copying by a defendant rarely exists, so plaintiffs must often resort to indirectly proving copying.<ref name="Patry" />{{Page needed|date=June 2011}} Typically, this is done by first showing that the defendant had access to the plaintiff's work and that the degree of similarity between the two works is so striking or substantial that the similarity could only have been caused by copying, and not, for example, through "coincidence, independent creation, or a prior common source".<ref>''Midway Mfg. Co. v. Dirkschneider'', 543 F. Supp. 466, 482 n.10, 214 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 417 (D. Neb. 1981).</ref> Some courts also use "probative similarity" to describe this standard. This inquiry is a question of fact determined by a [[jury]].


Relationship with different units:
Courts have relied on several factors to aid in a striking similarity analysis. Among these are:
Other units of volume convert to US gallons in the table below.
#Uniqueness, intricacy, or complexity of the similar sections.
#If the plaintiff's work contains an unexpected or idiosyncratic element that is repeated in the alleged infringing work.
#The appearance of the same errors or mistakes in both works.
#[[Fictitious entry|Fictitious entries]] placed by the plaintiff that appear in the defendant's work. For example, fake names or places are often inserted in factual works like maps or directories to serve as proof of copying in a later infringement case since their appearance in a defendant's work cannot be explained away by innocent causes.
#Obvious or crude attempts to give the appearance of dissimilarity.<ref name="Patry" />{{Page needed|date=June 2011}}


Other conversion units
Generally, copying cannot be proven without some evidence of access; however, in the seminal case on striking similarity, ''[[Arnstein v. Porter]]'', the [[Second Circuit]] stated that even absent a finding of access, copying can be established when the similarities between two works are "so striking as to preclude the possibility that the plaintiff and defendant independently arrived at the same result."<ref>[https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/154/464/1478575/ ''Arnstein v. Porter'', 154 F.2d 464 (2nd Circuit 1946)]</ref>
1 ounce 0.0078125 US gallons
1 liter of US
0.25


0.00390625 US gallons or (1/256) US gallons
===Misappropriation===
1 US pint 0.128 US gallons or (1/8) US gallon
1 imperial gallon 0.300237 US gallons
1 Imperial pint 0.150119 US gallons
1 cubic foot 7,4805324 US gallons
How many water bottles in a gallon?
The number of the bottle depends on the volume of liquid in the bottle to fully fill the gallon bottle. As it stands, different types of gallons depend on the system of measurements, so the number of bottles required will be different in both cases. Here are some standard bottles required for filling a US gallon bottle?


The volume of each bottle is required to fully fill a gallon bottle
Substantial similarity is the term used by all courts to describe, once copying has been established, the threshold where that copying wrongfully appropriates the plaintiff's protected expression. It is found when similarity between the copyrightable elements of two works rises above the ''[[de minimis]]'' exception, reaching a threshold that is "substantial" both qualitatively and quantitatively.<ref name=McCarthy/><ref>{{cite book | title = Law and business of the entertainment industries | first = Donald E. | last = Biederman | author2 = Edward P. Pierson | author3 = Martin E. Silfen | author4 = Janna Glasser | edition = 5 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-275-99205-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/lawbusinessofent00dona/page/688 688] | url = https://archive.org/details/lawbusinessofent00dona/page/688 }}</ref> While actionable infringement is more likely to be found where greater levels of similarity exist, substantial similarity has also been found where the portion copied was small but constituted the "heart" of the work.<ref>''[[Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises]]'', 471 U.S. 539, 105 S. Ct. 2218, 85 L. Ed. 2d 588 (1985)</ref><ref name="Stim220">{{harvnb|Stim|2007|p=220}}</ref> In determining whether use is substantial, courts look not only at the proportion of duplication in comparison to the relative size of the works, but also to such considerations as the creativity of the copied material, its use in both works and its centrality to either.<ref>{{cite news | title = Who speaks Latin anymore? Translating de minimis use for application to music copyright infringement and sampling. | first = David S. | last = Blessing | work = William and Mary Law Review | date = 2004-04-01 | accessdate = 2009-04-06 | url = https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-118495887}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.cinahl.com/library/cinahlnews/Cnews173.pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090319065246/http://www.cinahl.com/library/cinahlnews/Cnews173.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-19 | title = Tweedledum and Tweedledee: Plagiarism and copyright | last = Levy | first = Neil A. | journal= CINAHL Information Systems | date = Fall–Winter 1998 | volume = 17 | issue = 3/4 | ref = harv}}</ref> Only when a work rises to a level of "substantial similarity" does it infringe to the point of being legally actionable.<ref>Osterberg, §1:1, 1-1.</ref> As there is no clear line on how much duplication is necessary to reach "substantial similarity", the question is determined on a case-by-case evaluation.<ref name="Merryman457">{{harvnb|Merryman|Elsen|Urice|2002|p=457}}</ref> A showing that features of the two works are ''not'' similar does not bar a finding of substantial similarity, if such similarity as does exist clears the ''de minimis'' threshold.<ref name=McCarthy/>
160ml bottle, 23.66 bottle required
190ml bottle, 19.92 bottles required
250 ml bottle, 15.14 bottle required
A 280ml bottle of 13.52 bottles is required
300 ml bottle of 12.62 bottles
350ml bottle, 10.82 bottle required
400 ml bottle; 9.4 bottles
500ml bottle of 7.57 bottles
A 850ml bottle of 4.45 bottles is required
1000ml bottle, 3.78 bottle required
US Gallon Water Bottles:
Given the amount of water per US liter, a US gallon can be justified as follows.


Take a 500ml bottle as a unit. The number of bottles in a US gallon is 7.57.
The substantial similarity standard is used for all kinds of copyrighted subject matter: books, photographs, plays, music, software, etc. It may also cross disciplines, as in ''[[Rogers v. Koons]]'', where a sculptor was found to have infringed on a photograph.<ref name="Patry" />{{Page needed|date=June 2011}}


Water bottles in UK gallons?
Substantial similarity is a question of fact that is decided by a [[jury]].<ref name="Patry" />{{Page needed|date=June 2011}} In situations where "reasonable minds could not differ" in the opinion that substantial similarity of expression does not exist, a court may make [[summary judgment]] for the defendant, closing a case without finding infringement.<ref name=LvS>''Litchfield v. Spielberg'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102441/http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/448237 736 F.2d 1352] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]], 1984).</ref> Since "substantial similarity" can require careful evaluation, however, infringement cases usually lead to full inquiry with appropriate tests developed by the courts.<ref name=LvS/>
The number of bottles required to fill a UK gallon requires more bottles than are required for a US gallon. The reason is that the UK gallon occupies a large volume than the US. When converting a UK gallon to a liter, it equals 4.54609 liters per gallon.


So the math says a UK gallon will occupy 9.1 bottles by taking a 500ml bottle as one unit. Compared to the required bottle for US gallons, there are 7,571 bottles of 500ml. As we can see, more bottles are required for a British gallon than required for a U.S. gallon.
==Tests==


Imperial Gallon:
A number of tests have been devised to determine substantial similarity. These may rely one or both of expert or lay observation and may subjectively judge the feel of a work or critically analyze its elements.
Imperial is a familiar measuring system. In this system, an empire is a unit of matter volume. Conversion to other units will be like


1 imperial [gallon](How many water bottles in a gallon?) = 8 pints.
Noted copyright authority [[Melville Nimmer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/copyright.cfm |title=Georgetown Law Library: Copyright Law Research Guide |date=May 2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Law Library |quote=''Nimmer on Copyright'' is a 10-volume treatise that is considered the leading secondary source on American copyright law. |accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref> describes two different tests for substantial similarity, "fragmented literal similarity" and "comprehensive non-literal similarity", which have been widely adopted and utilized by U.S. courts.<ref name=McCarthy/> Either test may result in a finding of infringement.<ref>''Bateman v. Mnemonics'', [http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/dec95/93-3234.man.html 79 F.3d 1532] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]], 1995.) " {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204130954/http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/dec95/93-3234.man.html |date=December 4, 2004 }}</ref> Fragmented literal similarity occurs when fragmented copyrightable elements are copied from a protected work in a manner not allowed by [[fair use]]. It is more limited than comprehensive copying, involving briefer elements such as a stanza of a song or an image.<ref name="Albert233" /> Comprehensive non-literal similarity may occur even in the absence of verbatim duplication of copyrighted elements when, in the words of [[J. Thomas McCarthy]]'s ''McCarthy's Desk Encyclopedia of Intellectual Property'', one work appropriates "the fundamental structure or pattern" of another.<ref name=McCarthy/> Judge [[John M. Walker, Jr.]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] noted in ''Arica v. Palmer'' that a court may find copyright infringement under the doctrine of "comprehensive non-literal similarity" if "the pattern or sequence of the two works is similar".<ref>''Arica v. Palmer'', [http://floridalawfirm.com/arica.html 970 F.2d 106 ] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]], 1992).</ref>


A pint is a smaller unit of measurement. Usually, it is used to measure the volume of any dry matter.
The various other tests devised to determine substantial similarity can essentially be broken down into two categories: those that rely on the impressions of ordinary observers and those that rely on "dissection" by experts.<ref name="Keller11-31">{{harvnb|Keller|Cunard|2001|loc=§11–31}}</ref> Some tests combine elements of both.<ref name="Keller11-34">{{harvnb|Keller|Cunard|2001|loc=§11–34}}</ref> Ordinary observer tests rely on the subjective response that an ordinary person forms on comparing two works as to whether substantial similarity exists. These have been criticized as unreliable in that ordinary observers may not have enough familiarity with copyright concepts to recognize those elements not copyrightable, such as idea, and might also not recognize where superficial alterations fail to efface infringement.<ref>{{cite book | title = ASCAP Copyright Law Symposium | author = American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-231-11060-X | page = [https://archive.org/details/copyrightlawsymp0000unse_c7f5/page/215 215] | url = https://archive.org/details/copyrightlawsymp0000unse_c7f5/page/215 }}</ref> By contrast, dissection tests seek infringement only in those specific copyrightable elements within a work.<ref name="Keller11-31" /> The tester in these cases considers factors like the [[idea-expression divide]] and the [[scènes à faire]] doctrine.<ref name="Keller11-31" />


Baths:
===Total concept and feel test===
Pint is a smaller unit used to measure the capacity of materials in the United States Imperial Measurement and Measurement System. The symbol used for this is short pints, i.e. pt or p.
The total concept and feel test relies on the subjective evaluation of observers who consider the question of whether the total concept and feel of one work is substantially similar to another. The idea of "total concept and feel" was introduced in ''[[Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co]]'' (1970).<ref>{{cite book |ref=harv
|last=Lehman|first=Bruce A. |page=104
|title=Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1vERuaJxIgC&pg=PA104
|accessdate=2012-06-23|date=1995-10-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2415-0}}</ref>
The test is subdivided into the "extrinsic test", wherein a complex analysis is conducted of the concepts underlying the work, and the "intrinsic test", wherein within the judgment of an ordinary person the expression of the works are compared. The differences between the two were defined in 1977 by [[United States federal judge]] [[James Marshall Carter]] in ''[[Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.]]'':<ref>''Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.'', [http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/562/562.F2d.1157.75-1202.75-1203.html 970 F.2d 106 ] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]], 1977).</ref>
<blockquote>[The extrinsic test] is extrinsic because it depends not on the responses of the trier of fact, but on specific criteria that can be listed and analyzed. Such criteria include the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject. Since it is an extrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are appropriate. Moreover, this question may often be decided as a matter of law. The determination of when there is substantial similarity between the forms of expression is necessarily more subtle and complex. As Judge Hand candidly observed, "Obviously, no principle can be stated as to when an imitator has gone beyond copying the 'idea,' and has borrowed its 'expression.' Decisions must therefore inevitably be ad hoc." Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2 Cir. 1960). If there is substantial similarity in ideas, then the trier of fact must decide whether there is substantial similarity in the expressions of the ideas so as to constitute infringement. The test to be applied in determining whether there is substantial similarity in expressions shall be labeled an intrinsic one depending on the response of the ordinary reasonable person. See International Luggage Registry v. Avery Products Corp., supra, 541 F.2d at 831; Harold Lloyd Corp. v. Witwer, 65 F.2d 1, 18–19 (9 Cir. 1933). See generally [[Nimmer on Copyright|Nimmer]] § 143.5. It is intrinsic because it does not depend on the type of external criteria and analysis that marks the extrinsic test.... Because this is an intrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are not appropriate.</blockquote>
This test was utilized in ''BSS Studio, Inc. v. Kmart Corporation'' in 1999 in determining that a line of [[Halloween mask]]s produced by [[Kmart]] infringed in "total concept and feel" on a line of masks produced by BSS.<ref name="Keller11-33">{{harvnb|Keller|Cunard|2001|loc=§11–33, 34. Cf. ''BSS Studio, Inc. v. Kmart Corporation'', 53 U.S.P.Q.2d 1509 (N.D. Ill. 1999)}}</ref> Particularly the intrinsic test has met criticism as extending copyright beyond the protection of expression into the protection of ideas.<ref name="Albert232">{{harvnb|Albert|Laff|Whitesel|Saret|1999|p=232}}</ref>


Fluid measurements:
In ''[[Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp]]'', the Ninth Circuit expanded the extrinsic test to include the analysis expression as well as ideas.<ref name="Pudget">University of Puget Sound Law Review, Vol. 16, Issue 1 (Fall 1992), pp. 319-372 Bierman, Ellen M. 16 U. Puget Sound L. Rev. 319 (1992-1993)</ref> The Court found that analytical dissection of expression was necessary to identify expressions for comparison in the intrinsic test.


1 pint = 0.473 US liter
===Pattern test===
The pattern test created by [[Columbia University]] professor [[Zechariah Chafee]] is primarily utilized to test fiction, comparing elements of plot and character between two works to see if substantial similarity exists.<ref name="Albert232" /> The more similarities exist between the two, the more likely the court will determine infringement.


1 liter = 0.568 British liters
===Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test===
{{main|Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test}}


Dry measure:
The primary test utilized in comparing computer programs, the "abstraction-filtration-comparison test" is also called more simply the "filtration test".<ref name="Albert233">{{harvnb|Albert|Laff|Whitesel|Saret|1999|p=233}}</ref><ref name="Stim211">{{harvnb|Stim|2007|p=211}}</ref> The test, which was devised by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] for ''[[Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.]]'', compares the elements of software at increasing levels of abstraction, from machine instructions to program function, excluding those elements not copyrightable, such as those approaches dictated by efficiency or the fundamental operation of computers, to evaluate similarity.<ref name="Albert233" /><ref name="Stim211" />


1 liter = 0.551 American liter
===Inverse ratio rule===
The inverse ratio rule test is an idea proposed in ''[[Nimmer on Copyright]]'' that has been accepted by a few of the Circuit Courts, notably within the Ninth Circuit which deals with many of the cases of the entertainment industry since it covers California. The inverse ratio rule holds that the more an alleged infringer had access to a work, the lower the threshold for establishing substantial similarity. The rule was enshrined by Ninth in ''[[Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.]]'' (1977), in which McDonald's was found infringing on the characters created by the Kroffts' as the Krofft's had shown the firm that created the McDonald's characters had been in earlier discussions with the Kroffts', thus proving access and lowering the bar on similarity. Other Circuits have formally rejected the rule, and no case on the rule has been heard at the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Law of Ideas, Revisited | first = Lionel | last= Sobel | date = 1994 | journal = UCLA Entertainment Law Review | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 9-96 }}</ref>

The inverse ratio rule has been frequently used in several entertainment-based lawsuits when it is difficult to prove substantial similarity, which had made it a point of concern since the burden of access is much easier to satisfy and can make nearly any similarity easy to show. Two recent cases signaled changes in the Ninth's attitude towards the inverse ratio rule: the suit of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s estate over "[[Blurred Lines]]" by [[Robin Thicke]], and the suit brought by a trust for the band [[Spirit (band)|Spirit]] over [[Led Zeppelin]]'s "[[Stairway to Heaven]]". In the first case, a jury found for Gaye's estate on the similarity of "[[Got to Give It Up]]", both with substantial similarity and on the inverse ratio rule. While the three-panel Ninth Circuit agreed, on an ''en banc'' hearing, the full Ninth Circuit concurred with all but the inverse ratio rule.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/appeals-court-wont-rehear-blurred-lines-case-1126253 | title = Appeals Court Won't Rehear "Blurred Lines" Case | first = Eriq | last= Gardner | date = July 11, 2018 | accessdate = March 9, 2020 | work = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref> In the "Stairway to Heaven" case, the trust accused Led Zeppelin of copying Spirit's "[[Taurus (instrumental)|Taurus]]". A jury found there was no substantial similarity, and the case was appealed to the Ninth Circuit, with specific instructions asking on ruling on the inverse ratio rule. On the ''en banc'' appeal in 2020, the Ninth Circuit specifically took the time to overturn its stance on the inverse ratio rule "Because the inverse ratio rule, which is not part of the copyright statute, defies logic, and creates uncertainty for the courts and the parties, we take this opportunity to abrogate the rule in the Ninth Circuit and overrule our prior cases to the contrary."<ref>[https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/03/09/16-56057.pdf]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2020/music/news/led-zeppelin-stairway-to-heaven-copyright-lawsuit-1203527581/ | title = Led Zeppelin Scores Big Win in ‘Stairway to Heaven’ Copyright Case | first= Gene | last = Maddaus | date = March 9, 2020 | accessdate = March 9, 2020 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> The Supreme Court denied to hear the challenge to the case, leaving the Ninth Circuit's new stance to ignore the inverse ratio rule as case law in future copyright cases within the jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2020/music/news/led-zeppelin-win-stairway-to-heaven-copyright-1234792866/ | title = Led Zeppelin Win ‘Stairway to Heaven’ Copyright Battle as Supreme Court Refuses to Hear Case | first = Jem | last = Aswad | date = October 5, 2020 | accessdate = October 5, 2020 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Derivative work]]
*[[Idea-expression divide]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Cite book | title = Intellectual property law in cyberspace | first = G. Peter | last1 = Albert | last2 = Laff | last3= Whitesel | last4 = Saret | publisher = [[Bureau of National Affairs]] | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-57018-165-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BTK3OqV9KMC | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}
*{{Cite book | title = Copyright Law: A Practitioner's Guide | first1 = Bruce P. | last1 = Keller | first2 = Jeffrey P. | last2 = Cunard | publisher = Practising Law Institute | year = 2001 | isbn = 1-4024-0050-0 | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}
*{{Cite book|title=Law, ethics, and the visual arts|first1=John Henry|last1=Merryman|first2=Albert Edward|last2=Elsen|first3=Stephen K.|last3=Urice|edition=4|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=2002|isbn=90-411-9882-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8AddekkdZ8C|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}
*{{Cite book | title = Patent, Copyright & Trademark: An Intellectual Property Desk Reference | first = Richard | last = Stim | edition = 9 | publisher= Nolo | year = 2007 | isbn = 1-4133-0646-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/patentcopyrightt00stim | url-access = registration | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None-->}}

[[Category:United States copyright law]]
[[Category:Copyright law]]

Revision as of 18:02, 4 December 2020

How many bottles water in a gallon, and how-many-water-bottles-in-a-gallon Relationships with different units Divide both American liquid and majestic gallons into four quarts (a quarter gallon) and two pints. These pints are separated into two bottles (but this wonderful pot is now occasionally used), and it is divided into two (gills are occasionally added). According to these lines, one gallon is equivalent to four quartz, eight pints, sixteen vessels, or thirty-two gills. The wonderful hybrid is divided into five liquid ounces, while the American gills are divided into four liquid ounces. There, in the past, the majestic liquid ounce was 1/20 of the royal 16 ounces or 1/160 of the magnificent gallon, while the American liquid ounce was 1/16 of the US half-quarter or 1/128 of the US gallon. Premium gallons, quartz, half-quartz, containers, and gills are about 20 percent larger than their US counterparts, making them unsuitable. Magnificent ounces of liquid are still only 4% less than ounces of liquid in the United States, and these lines often use the opposite. Alcohol is regularly sold in the United States at “one-fifth,” which is about one-fifth of a gallon in the United States. How many water bottles in a gallon? You need to know how many gallons of water there are in a gallon, so you need to understand that there are 120 ounces of water in a gallon. The chart below shows you how many jars you need to drink to drink one gallon of water every day. With this knowledge, we will be able to calculate the size of the container we plan to make per gallon. Liquid ounce per gallon (graph) 1 gallon of water = 8 ounces per 15 bottles (1 bottle) 1 gallon of water = 7.5 bottles per 16 ounces (1 half quart) 1 gallon of water = 7.1 bottles, 16.9 ounces each 1 gallon of water = 4.61 bottles of 26 ounces each 1 gallon of water = 3.75 bottles per 32 ounces (1 quart) 1 gallon of water = 3.55 containers (1 liter) per 335 ounces For office water services, we recommend drinking at least 1 gallon of water daily for well-being and weight loss. The above review makes it very easy to convert an ounce of liquid into a gallon of its original form. Use the diagram below to guide you in calculating the various gallons The size of the water tank in gallons depends on the size of the water tank. A gallon is 128 ounces; To get the answer, divide 128 by the number of ounces in the water tank. One gallon of water is 128 ounces in the United States. The size of the water tank can vary, but a total of 128 ounces can fit in one gallon. For example, a water tank measures 16 ounces, 8 of which make up one gallon. If the water tank is 32 ounces, only 4 of them make up a gallon. A 1-liter bottle of water weighs approximately 33.8 ounces, so 3.8 of these bottles make up a gallon. The number of water bottles per gallon will be different for different measuring systems. The reason is that a different measuring system operates different volumes of liquids in gallons. By doing elementary math, it is evident that a gallon bottle can occupy the next liter of water as it does in various measuring systems.

1 US liquid gallon = 3.785 liters or 231 cubic inches

1 British or Imperial gallon = 4.546 liters or 277.4 cubic inches

So how many bottles of water are in a gallon? A US water gallon contains 128 fluid ounces, while an imperial gallon contains 160 fluid ounces. There are 7.47 16.9 oz (500ml) water bottles in a US gallon while a UK gallon or imperial gallon contains 9.46 16.9 oz (500ml) water bottles.

Note: The liter is the basic unit of volume in the metric system. One liter of water weighs one kilogram.

Relationship with different units: Other units of volume convert to US gallons in the table below.

Other conversion units 1 ounce 0.0078125 US gallons 1 liter of US 0.25 

0.00390625 US gallons or (1/256) US gallons

1 US pint 0.128 US gallons or (1/8) US gallon 1 imperial gallon 0.300237 US gallons 1 Imperial pint 0.150119 US gallons 1 cubic foot 7,4805324 US gallons How many water bottles in a gallon? The number of the bottle depends on the volume of liquid in the bottle to fully fill the gallon bottle. As it stands, different types of gallons depend on the system of measurements, so the number of bottles required will be different in both cases. Here are some standard bottles required for filling a US gallon bottle?

The volume of each bottle is required to fully fill a gallon bottle 160ml bottle, 23.66 bottle required 190ml bottle, 19.92 bottles required 250 ml bottle, 15.14 bottle required A 280ml bottle of 13.52 bottles is required 300 ml bottle of 12.62 bottles 350ml bottle, 10.82 bottle required 400 ml bottle; 9.4 bottles 500ml bottle of 7.57 bottles A 850ml bottle of 4.45 bottles is required 1000ml bottle, 3.78 bottle required US Gallon Water Bottles: Given the amount of water per US liter, a US gallon can be justified as follows.

Take a 500ml bottle as a unit. The number of bottles in a US gallon is 7.57.

Water bottles in UK gallons? The number of bottles required to fill a UK gallon requires more bottles than are required for a US gallon. The reason is that the UK gallon occupies a large volume than the US. When converting a UK gallon to a liter, it equals 4.54609 liters per gallon.

So the math says a UK gallon will occupy 9.1 bottles by taking a 500ml bottle as one unit. Compared to the required bottle for US gallons, there are 7,571 bottles of 500ml. As we can see, more bottles are required for a British gallon than required for a U.S. gallon.

Imperial Gallon: Imperial is a familiar measuring system. In this system, an empire is a unit of matter volume. Conversion to other units will be like

1 imperial [gallon](How many water bottles in a gallon?) = 8 pints.

A pint is a smaller unit of measurement. Usually, it is used to measure the volume of any dry matter.

Baths: Pint is a smaller unit used to measure the capacity of materials in the United States Imperial Measurement and Measurement System. The symbol used for this is short pints, i.e. pt or p.

Fluid measurements:

1 pint = 0.473 US liter

1 liter = 0.568 British liters

Dry measure:

1 liter = 0.551 American liter

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