Philodendron hederaceum: Difference between revisions
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'''''Philodendron hederaceum'''''<ref name="hederaceum">{{GRIN | accessdate=7 July 2010}}</ref> (common name: '''heartleaf philodendron' |
'''''Philodendron hederaceum'''''<ref name="hederaceum">{{GRIN | accessdate=7 July 2010}}</ref> (common name: '''heartleaf philodendron''') is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Araceae, [[native plant|native]] to Central America and the Caribbean. |
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==History== |
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The ivy-shaped philodendron called Arum hederaceum was originally described by [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]] in 1760 in Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum; here was an illustration of Plumier depicting this plant. Three years later, Jacquin, in his work Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia, published his own illustration of this species, depicting in fact ''Philodendron jacquinii''. These two species are quite different from each other, so that even such illustrations as Plumier, depicting non-flowering plants, make it possible to distinguish them. This mistake by Jaken brought considerable confusion in the identification of species by various authors, such as Kunt (1841), Engler (1899), Krause (1913), Dugand (1945) and Bunting (1963, 1995), misused the name Philodendron hederaceum in relation to another species. Schott solved the problem by transferring Arum hederaceum in 1929 to the genus Philodendron and calling it Philodendron hederaceum. In his work Synopsis Aroidearum in 1856, he described Philodendron jacquinii, clearly based on an illustration by Jaken 1763.<ref>Croat, T. B. 1997. A revision of Philodendron subgenus Philodendron (Araceae) for Mexico and Central America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84(3): 311–704. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library</ref> |
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It is an [[evergreen]] [[vine|climber]] growing to {{convert|3|-|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, with heart-shaped glossy leaves to {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, and occasionally [[bract|spathes]] of white flowers in mature plants. With a minimum temperature requirement of {{convert|15|C|F|abbr=on}}, in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions it must be grown under glass or as a [[houseplant]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Philodendron scandens''|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1424|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 76 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 24 April 2018}}</ref> |
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Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum and Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat differ only in leaves at a young age: in Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum young leaves are velvety with a silky sheen on the upper surface, while Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat the upper surface of young leaves is glossy. These two young forms were considered by Bunting (1968) as Philodendron scandens f. micans. The third kind of Philodendron hederaceum var. kirkbridei Croat distinguished by the fact that its woody [[stems]] are brown and deeply rough, with sharp edges. This species also grows at higher elevations.<ref>Saakov S. G. Greenhouse and indoor plants and care for them / Under. ed. Kamelina R. V .. - L .: Science, 1983. - P. 155. - 621 p.</ref> |
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[[File:Philodendron_scandens_subsp_oxycardium1.jpg|thumb|left|As a potted houseplant]] |
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Juvenile leaves are ovate, caudate-[[acuminate]] at the apex, with ovate adult leaves that are 15-30 cm long and 10-21 cm wide, deeply lobed at the base, parabolic to spatulate, [[velvet]]y (sometimes reddish-green) in the beam, rear rib not naked. The leafy plates of young plants are dark green, sometimes reddish-green above, with shiny small closed papillaries, slightly chestnut below, with less noticeable veins.<ref>Grayum, M. H. 2003. Araceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 59–200.</ref> |
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[[Petiole (botany)|Petioles]] are 9-25 cm long and up to 10 mm in diameter at the base. Stem ascends, often hanging, with lignified honey colour, covered with scars from fallen leaves 7-15 mm long. The [[Internode (botany)|internode]]s are slightly smoothed on one side, on the other hand, with two sharp edges above the petioles, slightly glossy, sometimes dull, from light green to green, sometimes reddish, dotted with small motley stripes, young smooth, 10-28 cm long , 1-2.5 (3.5) cm in diameter. The male part of the cob is 5-10 mm long, dark chestnut; the female part is 3.5-6 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter at the base, 1.7 cm in diameter in the middle part and at the top; some [[staminode]]s 7–11 cm long; reproductive part of staminodes from creamy-white to pink color, the widest at the base, slightly compressed about 1 cm above the sterile part, more or less cylindrical at the top, 1.4-2.2 cm in diameter in the middle, 9 mm in diameter about 1 cm from the top; the sterile part of staminodes is 1.6 cm in diameter.<ref>Jørgensen, PM & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Miss. Bot. Gard. 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.</ref>. |
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===Inflorescence=== |
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[[Inflorescences]] are straight or hanging, one by one in the leaf axil, with peduncle 3-8 cm long; [[spathe]] 9-15 cm long having a pale-green, purple sometimes matt, cuspidated at the apex, slightly contracted between the tube and the [[Lamina (leaf)|lamina]]. The cover is from semi-leather to leathery, 9-16.6 (24) cm long, 0.9-2.6 (3.3) times longer than the [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]], slightly compressed above the tube, 1.3-3.6 (5.7 ) cm in diameter when closed, usually green, sometimes yellowish white, yellowish green, or cream to light cream in color; the cover plate is sometimes [[violet]] outside, 1.2–3.6 cm in diameter when closed, light green, greenish yellow, sometimes red inside; the tube covered dark green, sometimes reddish chestnut outside, 5-6 cm long, 1.5-4.9 (6.9) cm in diameter, chestnut, dark red or purple inside at the base. |
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The tube 4-6 cm long and 1-2.2 cm wide (only slightly wider than the lamina), green, reddish on the inside of the base, green blade; spadix 8-13 cm long, weakly projected outward from spathe in [[anthesis]], white; [[pistillate]] portion 4-4.5 cm long and 4-11 mm wide; staminate portion wider than the pistillate, moderately tapered at the apex. Pestles 4–9.2 mm long, 1.8–3.1 mm in diameter. Ovary 4-6 (7) -llum, 8 mm long; socket 8 mm long, 1.4 mm in diameter; in the nest 20-26 ovules , 0.1 mm long, double row. [[Stigma (botany)|Stigma]] is 0.1–0.3 mm in length, from accrete to subpartite. Column is 1.1 mm long, 2.9 mm in diameter. |
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===Fetus=== |
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It features greenish white berries. It has 1-2 seeds in the nest, but in large numbers in the berry, orange, from ovate to oblong-oval, 1.5-3 (5) mm long, 2.5-4 mm in diameter, slightly compressed, densely cellular.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 76 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 24 April 2018}}</ref> |
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==Cultivation== |
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With a minimum temperature requirement of {{convert|15|C|F|abbr=on}}, in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions it must be grown under glass or as a [[houseplant]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref> |
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==Toxicity== |
==Toxicity== |
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Parts of the plant are known to contain [[calcium oxalate]] crystals in varying concentrations. Although the plant is known to be toxic to mice and rats, the current literature is conflicting with regards to its toxicity in cats.<ref>Der Marderosian, Ara and Giller, F. and Roia, F. (1976). ''Phytochemical and Toxicological Screening of Household Ornamental Plants Potentially Toxic to Humans''. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1: 939-953.</ref><ref>Greer, M. J. (1961). ''Plant Poisonings in Cats''. Mod. Vet. Pract., 42, 62.</ref><ref name="Sarah J. Sellers, pp.92-96">Sellers, Sarah J. and King, Maralee and Aronson, Carl E. and Der Marderosian, Ara (1978). ''Toxocologic Assessment of Philodendron Oxycardium Schott (Araceae) in Domestic Cats''. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 20, pp. |
Parts of the plant are known to contain [[calcium oxalate]] crystals in varying concentrations. Although the plant is known to be toxic to mice and rats, the current literature is conflicting with regards to its toxicity in cats.<ref>Der Marderosian, Ara and Giller, F. and Roia, F. (1976). ''Phytochemical and Toxicological Screening of Household Ornamental Plants Potentially Toxic to Humans''. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1: 939-953.</ref><ref>Greer, M. J. (1961). ''Plant Poisonings in Cats''. Mod. Vet. Pract., 42, 62.</ref><ref name="Sarah J. Sellers, pp.92-96">Sellers, Sarah J. and King, Maralee and Aronson, Carl E. and Der Marderosian, Ara (1978). ''Toxocologic Assessment of Philodendron Oxycardium Schott (Araceae) in Domestic Cats''. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 20, pp.92-96, ISSN 0145-6296</ref> Its possible toxic effects on humans are currently unknown although likely very mild if not harmless.<ref>Mrvos, Rita and Dean, Bonnie S. and Krenzelok, Edward P. (1991). Philodendron/Dieffenbachia Ingestions: Are They a Problem?. Clinical Toxicology,29:4, p. 485—491</ref> |
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==Range== |
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It is distributed throughout [[Central America]] (Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama ), in most of [[South America]] (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil), on the islands of the [[Caribbean]] (Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago) . |
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It is found in tropical [[rainforest]]s, often on rocks, at an altitude of up to 1200 m above sea level, and can also occur at an altitude of up to 1500 m above sea level. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:House plants]] |
[[Category:House plants]] |
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[[Category:Philodendron|hederaceum]] |
[[Category:Philodendron|hederaceum]] |
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{{Araceae-stub}} |
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Revision as of 15:21, 5 July 2019
| Philodendron hederaceum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | Philodendron |
| Species: | P. hederaceum
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| Binomial name | |
| Philodendron hederaceum | |
| Varieties | |
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Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum | |
| Synonyms | |
Philodendron hederaceum[1] (common name: heartleaf philodendron) is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to Central America and the Caribbean. It is an evergreen, hemiepiphytic climber growing to 3–6 m (10–20 ft), with heart-shaped glossy leaves to 30 cm (12 in) long, and occasionally spathes of white flowers in mature plants. A common houseplant, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[2]
History
The ivy-shaped philodendron called Arum hederaceum was originally described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1760 in Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum; here was an illustration of Plumier depicting this plant. Three years later, Jacquin, in his work Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia, published his own illustration of this species, depicting in fact Philodendron jacquinii. These two species are quite different from each other, so that even such illustrations as Plumier, depicting non-flowering plants, make it possible to distinguish them. This mistake by Jaken brought considerable confusion in the identification of species by various authors, such as Kunt (1841), Engler (1899), Krause (1913), Dugand (1945) and Bunting (1963, 1995), misused the name Philodendron hederaceum in relation to another species. Schott solved the problem by transferring Arum hederaceum in 1929 to the genus Philodendron and calling it Philodendron hederaceum. In his work Synopsis Aroidearum in 1856, he described Philodendron jacquinii, clearly based on an illustration by Jaken 1763.[3]
Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum and Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat differ only in leaves at a young age: in Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum young leaves are velvety with a silky sheen on the upper surface, while Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat the upper surface of young leaves is glossy. These two young forms were considered by Bunting (1968) as Philodendron scandens f. micans. The third kind of Philodendron hederaceum var. kirkbridei Croat distinguished by the fact that its woody stems are brown and deeply rough, with sharp edges. This species also grows at higher elevations.[4]
Description
Juvenile leaves are ovate, caudate-acuminate at the apex, with ovate adult leaves that are 15-30 cm long and 10-21 cm wide, deeply lobed at the base, parabolic to spatulate, velvety (sometimes reddish-green) in the beam, rear rib not naked. The leafy plates of young plants are dark green, sometimes reddish-green above, with shiny small closed papillaries, slightly chestnut below, with less noticeable veins.[5]
Petioles are 9-25 cm long and up to 10 mm in diameter at the base. Stem ascends, often hanging, with lignified honey colour, covered with scars from fallen leaves 7-15 mm long. The internodes are slightly smoothed on one side, on the other hand, with two sharp edges above the petioles, slightly glossy, sometimes dull, from light green to green, sometimes reddish, dotted with small motley stripes, young smooth, 10-28 cm long , 1-2.5 (3.5) cm in diameter. The male part of the cob is 5-10 mm long, dark chestnut; the female part is 3.5-6 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter at the base, 1.7 cm in diameter in the middle part and at the top; some staminodes 7–11 cm long; reproductive part of staminodes from creamy-white to pink color, the widest at the base, slightly compressed about 1 cm above the sterile part, more or less cylindrical at the top, 1.4-2.2 cm in diameter in the middle, 9 mm in diameter about 1 cm from the top; the sterile part of staminodes is 1.6 cm in diameter.[6].
Inflorescence
Inflorescences are straight or hanging, one by one in the leaf axil, with peduncle 3-8 cm long; spathe 9-15 cm long having a pale-green, purple sometimes matt, cuspidated at the apex, slightly contracted between the tube and the lamina. The cover is from semi-leather to leathery, 9-16.6 (24) cm long, 0.9-2.6 (3.3) times longer than the pedicel, slightly compressed above the tube, 1.3-3.6 (5.7 ) cm in diameter when closed, usually green, sometimes yellowish white, yellowish green, or cream to light cream in color; the cover plate is sometimes violet outside, 1.2–3.6 cm in diameter when closed, light green, greenish yellow, sometimes red inside; the tube covered dark green, sometimes reddish chestnut outside, 5-6 cm long, 1.5-4.9 (6.9) cm in diameter, chestnut, dark red or purple inside at the base.
The tube 4-6 cm long and 1-2.2 cm wide (only slightly wider than the lamina), green, reddish on the inside of the base, green blade; spadix 8-13 cm long, weakly projected outward from spathe in anthesis, white; pistillate portion 4-4.5 cm long and 4-11 mm wide; staminate portion wider than the pistillate, moderately tapered at the apex. Pestles 4–9.2 mm long, 1.8–3.1 mm in diameter. Ovary 4-6 (7) -llum, 8 mm long; socket 8 mm long, 1.4 mm in diameter; in the nest 20-26 ovules , 0.1 mm long, double row. Stigma is 0.1–0.3 mm in length, from accrete to subpartite. Column is 1.1 mm long, 2.9 mm in diameter.
Fetus
It features greenish white berries. It has 1-2 seeds in the nest, but in large numbers in the berry, orange, from ovate to oblong-oval, 1.5-3 (5) mm long, 2.5-4 mm in diameter, slightly compressed, densely cellular.[7]
Cultivation
With a minimum temperature requirement of 15 °C (59 °F), in temperate regions it must be grown under glass or as a houseplant.[8]
Toxicity
Parts of the plant are known to contain calcium oxalate crystals in varying concentrations. Although the plant is known to be toxic to mice and rats, the current literature is conflicting with regards to its toxicity in cats.[9][10][11] Its possible toxic effects on humans are currently unknown although likely very mild if not harmless.[12]
Range
It is distributed throughout Central America (Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama ), in most of South America (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil), on the islands of the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago) .
It is found in tropical rainforests, often on rocks, at an altitude of up to 1200 m above sea level, and can also occur at an altitude of up to 1500 m above sea level.
References
- ^ "Philodendron hederaceum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Philodendron scandens". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ Croat, T. B. 1997. A revision of Philodendron subgenus Philodendron (Araceae) for Mexico and Central America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84(3): 311–704. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- ^ Saakov S. G. Greenhouse and indoor plants and care for them / Under. ed. Kamelina R. V .. - L .: Science, 1983. - P. 155. - 621 p.
- ^ Grayum, M. H. 2003. Araceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 59–200.
- ^ Jørgensen, PM & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Miss. Bot. Gard. 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 76. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ Der Marderosian, Ara and Giller, F. and Roia, F. (1976). Phytochemical and Toxicological Screening of Household Ornamental Plants Potentially Toxic to Humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1: 939-953.
- ^ Greer, M. J. (1961). Plant Poisonings in Cats. Mod. Vet. Pract., 42, 62.
- ^ Sellers, Sarah J. and King, Maralee and Aronson, Carl E. and Der Marderosian, Ara (1978). Toxocologic Assessment of Philodendron Oxycardium Schott (Araceae) in Domestic Cats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 20, pp. 92-96, ISSN 0145-6296
- ^ Mrvos, Rita and Dean, Bonnie S. and Krenzelok, Edward P. (1991). Philodendron/Dieffenbachia Ingestions: Are They a Problem?. Clinical Toxicology,29:4, p. 485—491