Jump to content

Violence against Muslims in independent India: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Darkness Shines (talk | contribs)
31,762 edits
→‎Bombay: Internal & ce
Mrt3366 (talk | contribs)
22,207 edits
Added {{POV}}, {{tone}} and {{undue}} tags (within {{multiple issues}}) to article
Line 1: Line 1:
{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=June 2013}}
{{tone|date=June 2013}}
{{undue|date=June 2013}}
}}
'''Anti-Muslim pogroms in India''' refer to [[pogrom]]s carried out with the state's tacit approval<ref name=Metcalf>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691044200|page=31|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|date=8|month=September}}</ref> against the minority [[Islam in India|Muslim population]].<ref name=Ghassem-Fachandi>{{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachandi|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691151779|page=2|date=19|month=March}}</ref> Since [[Partition of India|partition]] these pogroms have been endemic in India.<ref name=Riaz>{{cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ali|title=Faithful education: madrassahs in South Asia|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0813543451|page=165|date=15|month=August}}</ref> These pogroms have been described by [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]] as a new form of [[State Terrorism|state terrorism]], and that these pogroms are not riots but "organized political massacres".<ref name=Pandey>{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|year=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804752640|page=188|date=1|month=November}}</ref> Pogroms have been incited by the nationalist group [[Shiv Sena]] in 1971, 1984, 1986 and 1992-93.<ref name=Kaur>{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Raminder|title=Performative Politics and the Cultures of Hinduism: Public Uses of Religion in Western India|year=2005|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1843311393|page=160|date=5|month=February}}</ref> In 1989 there were pogroms throughout the north of India.<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnayaran|title=History, Culture and the Indian City|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521768719|page=29|edition=1st|date=3|month=September}}</ref>
'''Anti-Muslim pogroms in India''' refer to [[pogrom]]s carried out with the state's tacit approval<ref name=Metcalf>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691044200|page=31|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|date=8|month=September}}</ref> against the minority [[Islam in India|Muslim population]].<ref name=Ghassem-Fachandi>{{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachandi|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691151779|page=2|date=19|month=March}}</ref> Since [[Partition of India|partition]] these pogroms have been endemic in India.<ref name=Riaz>{{cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ali|title=Faithful education: madrassahs in South Asia|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0813543451|page=165|date=15|month=August}}</ref> These pogroms have been described by [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]] as a new form of [[State Terrorism|state terrorism]], and that these pogroms are not riots but "organized political massacres".<ref name=Pandey>{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|year=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804752640|page=188|date=1|month=November}}</ref> Pogroms have been incited by the nationalist group [[Shiv Sena]] in 1971, 1984, 1986 and 1992-93.<ref name=Kaur>{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Raminder|title=Performative Politics and the Cultures of Hinduism: Public Uses of Religion in Western India|year=2005|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1843311393|page=160|date=5|month=February}}</ref> In 1989 there were pogroms throughout the north of India.<ref name=Chandavarkar2>{{cite book|last=Chandavarkar|first=Rajnayaran|title=History, Culture and the Indian City|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521768719|page=29|edition=1st|date=3|month=September}}</ref>


Revision as of 19:12, 6 June 2013

Anti-Muslim pogroms in India refer to pogroms carried out with the state's tacit approval[1] against the minority Muslim population.[2] Since partition these pogroms have been endemic in India.[3] These pogroms have been described by Gyanendra Pandey as a new form of state terrorism, and that these pogroms are not riots but "organized political massacres".[4] Pogroms have been incited by the nationalist group Shiv Sena in 1971, 1984, 1986 and 1992-93.[5] In 1989 there were pogroms throughout the north of India.[6]

According to Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah the violence in Bhagalpur in 1989, Hashimpura in 1987 and in Moradabad 1980 were organized killings which amount to being pogroms.[7] Praveen Swami believes these periodic pogroms have "scarred India's post independence history" and have also hindered India's cause in Jammu and Kashmir.[8]

Paul Brass has said that though these acts of violence are usually referred to as riots they habitually become massacres of Muslims and pogroms with relatively few Hindus being killed.[9] Brass has also said that in affected areas there are "“institutionalized riot systems,” in which the organizations of militant Hindu nationalism are deeply implicated."[10] Brass also says that those who are a part of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh(RSS) such as the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the Bajrang Dal all have a central role in the violence.[11] Since 1950 violent confrontations between Hindus and Muslims have caused an estimated 10000 dead.[12]

Causes and effects

Christophe Jaffrelot has said that these pogroms are a result of an electoral strategy by the BJP.[13] According to research by Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs killings are far higher in areas where the BJP face stiff electoral opposition than in areas in which they are already strong.[12] Gyan Prakash has cautioned that the BJP actions in Gujarat does not equate to the entirety of India and it remains to be seen if the Hindutva movement are successful in deployment of this strategy nationwide.[14] According to Harsh Mander there is a consensus among observers that the 2002 pogrom and the Anti-Sikh pogrom in 1984 were a enabled by public agencies which includes those who had been in command.[15]

After the violence in 2002 the Indian parliament introduced the Communal Violence (Prevention, Control and Rehabilitation of Victims) Bill in 2005. The bill was heavily criticised by human rights groups and lawyers.[16]

A direct result of these pogroms has been a massive decrease in Dalits converting to Islam.[17]

Assam

The Nellie massacre has been described as one the largest and most severe pogroms since WW2.[18] Estimates of those killed range from 3000 to 3300.[18][19]

Bhagalpur

During the Bhagalpur pogrom in 1989 it is estimated nearly one thousand people lost their lives.[19]

Bombay

The destruction of the Babri Mosque by nationalists lead directly to the violence in 1992.[1] Toral Varia who is the Senior Special Correspondent for Outlook Magazine has said "the riots were a pre-planned pogrom", had been in the making since 1990 and that the destruction of the mosque was "the final provocation".[20] This violence is widely reported as having been orchestrated by Shiv Sena a nationalist group led by Bal Thackeray, this group has been compared to the Nazi Party and their activities to ethnic cleansing.[21]

Gujarat

Since Partition there have been several pogroms carried out against Muslims in Gujarat.[2] In 1969 in Ahmedabad it is estimated that 630 people lost their lives.[19]

In 2002 Hindu extremists carried out a pogrom in Gujarat. During the pogrom young girls were sexually assaulted, burned or hacked to death.[22] These rapes were condoned by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)[23][24] whose refusal to intervene lead to the deaths of an estimated 2500 people and a further 200000 displaced.[25] Chief Minister Narendra Modi has also been accused of initiating and condoning the pogrom as have the police and government officials who took part as they directed the violence and gave lists of Muslim owned properties to the extremists.[26] Mallika Sarabhai harassed intimidated and falsely accused of trafficking.[27] Three police officers were given punitive transfers by the BJP after they had successfully put down the pogrom in their wards so as not to interfere further in preventing the violence.[28] According to Brass the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to a methodical pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality and was highly coordinated.[29]

Depictions

The film Parzania which is based on the Gulbarg Society massacre which occurred during the 2002 pogrom was boycotted by cinemas in Gujarat over fear of sparking another riot. The film documents atrocities such as

Entire families of Muslims were incinerated in their homes by crowds of cheering Hindu extremists armed with knives and clubs, witnesses said. Women were chased down and gang-raped, or had kerosene poured down their throats and set afire. Children were hacked to death in front of their parents, who then met the same fate.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b Metcalf, Barbara D. (8). Barbara D. Metcalf (ed.). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0691044200. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "Metcalf" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis (19). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0691151779. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Riaz, Ali (15). Faithful education: madrassahs in South Asia. Rutgers University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0813543451. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Pandey, Gyanendra (1). Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories. Stanford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0804752640. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Kaur, Raminder (5). Performative Politics and the Cultures of Hinduism: Public Uses of Religion in Western India. Anthem. p. 160. ISBN 978-1843311393. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3). History, Culture and the Indian City (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0521768719. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Tambiah, Stanely J. (24). Leveling Crowds: EthnoNationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. University of California Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0520206427. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Swami, Praveen (19). India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004. Routledge. p. 217. ISBN 978-0415404594. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Brass, Paul (26 March 2004). "The Gujarat Pogrom of 2002". Social Science Research Council.
  10. ^ Brass, Paul R. "On the Study of Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide" (PDF). University of Washington.
  11. ^ Brass, Paul. "Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide in Contemporary India: From Partition to the Present". Paul R. Brass.
  12. ^ a b Dhattiwala, Raheel (2012). "The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002". Politics & Society. 40 (4 483–516): 483. doi:10.1177/0032329212461125. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (21). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. p. 382. ISBN 978-1849041386. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Prakash, Gyan (15). Anuradha Dingwaney Needham, Rajeswari Sunder Rajan (ed.). The Crisis of Secularism in India. Duke University Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0822338468. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Mander, Harsh (27 March, 2011). "India's Pogroms: A Sense of Betrayal". The Hindu. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ NN, T (31 December 2005). "State pogroms glossed over". Times of India.
  17. ^ Sikand, Yoginder (4). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-0415314862. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ a b Hussain, Monirul (1). Sibaji Pratim Basu (ed.). The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch. Anthem. p. 261. ISBN 978-8190583572. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ a b c Khalidi, Omar (28). Shiping Hua (ed.). Islam and democratization in Asia. Cambria Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1604976328. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Varia, Toral (2 September 2007). "Mumbai riots a planned, perfected pogrom?". CNN-IBN.
  21. ^ Tambiah, Stanely J. (24). Leveling Crowds: EthnoNationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. University of California Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0520206427. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Holst, Arthur (30). Merril D. Smith (ed.). Encyclopedia of rape. Greenwood. p. 149. ISBN 978-0313326875. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Raman, Sita Anantha (8). Women in India: a social and cultural history. Praeger. p. 210. ISBN 978-0275982423. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Gangoli, Geetanjali (28). Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India. Ashgate. p. 42. ISBN 978-0754646044. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Shani, Giorgio (6). Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-0415421904. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Murphy, Eamon (24). Richard Jackson, Eamon Murphy, Scott Poynting (ed.). Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-0415664479. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  27. ^ Vickery, Jacqueline (30). John D. H. Downing (ed.). Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. Sage. p. 455. ISBN 978-0761926887. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Eckhert, Julia (25). Austin Sarat, Christian Boulanger (ed.). The Cultural Lives Of Capital Punishment: Comparative Perspectives. Stanford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0804752343. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Brass, Paul R. (15). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0295985060. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ Chu, Henry (25, February 2007). "Film on an India pogrom boycotted". LA Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India&oldid=558646747"