Decree of Turda: Difference between revisions
the version i restored it to was vandalism |
OrionNimrod (talk | contribs) I restored and modified the previous content as requested. Date (April-August), present day location change. Hungarian POV and Romanian POV together. |
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|document_name = Decree of |
|document_name = Decree of |
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|date_created = 28 June 1366 |
|date_created = 28 June 1366 |
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|writer = King [[Louis I of Hungary]] |
|writer = King [[Louis I of Hungary]] |
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The '''Decree of |
The '''Decree of ''' was a 14th century decree by [[Louis I of Hungary]] that granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In the 14th century, the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] had a political and economic consolidation, thus [[Transylvania]] prospered as never before. The campaign against the [[Golden Horde]] in 1345 led by [[Andrew Lackfi]], [[Count of the Székelys]] had finally expelled the [[Tatars]] and ended the devastations of the Mongols.<ref name=":1" /> |
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| ⚫ | King [[Louis I of Hungary]] stayed in [[Transylvania]] |
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In the Hungarian historiography, the main source of problems was the relationship between nobles and villains, which was not resolved and was further complicated by legal and social aspects of the settlement of Romanians in the Hungarian counties. King [[Louis I of Hungary]] visited Transylvania in 1366 to deal with the disorder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |language=English |chapter=The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/82.html}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land) were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the [[Estates of the realm|Estate]] of [[Romanians]] ([[Universitas Valachorum]]).<ref name="Pop">Pop I.-A., [http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf ''Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141520/http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} In ''Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective'', edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125</ref> |
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== The Decree of Torda == |
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| ⚫ | King [[Louis I of Hungary]] stayed in [[Transylvania]] from to in 1366.{{|||=}} On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=458}} The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=458-459}}{{sfn|Pop|2003|p=122}} The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation. For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the [[legal procedure]].{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=459}} |
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On 28 June 1366, while residing in the [[Transylvania]]n town of Torda (present-day [[Turda]]), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice. |
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| ⚫ | The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land) were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the [[Estates of the realm|Estate]] of [[Romanians]] ([[Universitas Valachorum]]).<ref name="Pop">Pop I.-A., [http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf ''Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141520/http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-Pop_111-124.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }} In ''Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective'', edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125</ref> |
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The decree takes an explicitly negative action against [[Romanians]]: ''propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum{{ref|Olachorum}} in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum'' <ref>I. Dani, K. Gündish et al. |
The decree takes an explicitly negative action against [[Romanians]]: ''propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum{{ref|Olachorum}} in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum'' <ref>I. Dani, K. Gündish et al. |
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(eds.) ''Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370)'', Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162</ref> - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially [[Romanians]], who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially [[Romanians]]. |
(eds.) ''Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370)'', Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162</ref> - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially [[Romanians]], who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially [[Romanians]]. |
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This was the first time in [[Transylvania]] that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.<ref name="Pop"/> |
This was the first time in [[Transylvania]] that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.<ref name="Pop"/> |
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| ⚫ | Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=461}} István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.{{sfn|Petrovics|2009|p=461}} According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=469-470}} |
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{{Cite book|last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |trans-title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |title=Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] |publisher=Center for Transylvanian Studies |year=1996 |page=49 }}</ref> |
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According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]] in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=461}} István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.{{sfn|Petrovics|2009|p=461}} According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.{{sfn|Pop|2013|pp=469-470}} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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[[Category:Medieval Transylvania]] |
[[Category:Medieval Transylvania]] |
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[[Category:Decrees|Turda]] |
[[Category:Decrees|Turda]] |
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[[Category:Legal history of Hungary]] |
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[[Category:14th century in Hungary]] |
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[[Category:Anti-Romanian sentiment]] |
[[Category:Anti-Romanian sentiment]] |
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Revision as of 13:10, 7 May 2023
| Decree of Torda | |
|---|---|
| Created | 28 June 1366 |
| Location | Torda (Present-day Turda, Romania) |
| Author(s) | King Louis I of Hungary |
| Purpose | Determination of procedural rules |
The Decree of Torda was a 14th century decree by King Louis I of Hungary that granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen.
Background
In the 14th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had a political and economic consolidation, thus Transylvania prospered as never before. The campaign against the Golden Horde in 1345 led by Andrew Lackfi, Count of the Székelys had finally expelled the Tatars and ended the devastations of the Mongols.[1]
In the Hungarian historiography, the main source of problems was the relationship between nobles and villains, which was not resolved and was further complicated by legal and social aspects of the settlement of Romanians in the Hungarian counties. King Louis I of Hungary visited Transylvania in 1366 to deal with the disorder.[1]
The Decree of Torda
King Louis I of Hungary stayed in Transylvania from April to August in 1366.[2] On 28 June 1366, while residing in Torda (present-day Turda), the monarch issued a decree at the request of the Transylvanian noblemen.[3] The latter had informed the King that they "have been suffering, day by day, many troubles because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, ...because of their way of being and their disorderly behaviour".[4][5] The royal decree granted special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen "in order to exterminate or remove, from this country, malefactors belonging to any nation. For this purpose, the decree determines the rules of the legal procedure.[6] On 28 June 1366, while residing in the Transylvanian town of Torda (present-day Turda), Louis enacted a decree to reinforce law and order, regulating some areas of social and public life, administration, criminal law and judicial practice.
The conditions imposed by the decree for maintaining or acceding nobility (in particular, affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church and possession of a royal certificate of donation for the owned land)[dubious – discuss] were to select and limit the noble class over a period of centuries, which in turn accelerated the decline of the Estate of Romanians (Universitas Valachorum).[7]
The decree takes an explicitly negative action against Romanians: propter presumptuosam astuciam diversorum malefactorum, specialiter Olachorum[1] in ipsa terra nostra existencium (…) ad exterminandum seu delendum in ipsa terra malefactores quarumlibet nacionum, signanter Olachorum [8] - because of the evil arts of many malefactors, especially Romanians, who live in that our country (…) to expel or to exterminate in this country malefactors belonging to any nation, especially Romanians.
This was the first time in Transylvania that discriminatory law enforcement along ethnic cleansing was legally codified.[7][dubious – discuss]
Historians have not reached a consensual view of the exact circumstances of the issuing of the decree and its main purpose.[9] István Petrovics writes that the mobile way of life of the increasing Romanian population caused their conflicts with the sedentary Hungarians.[10] According to Ioan-Aurel Pop, the Decree comes after the breakaway of Moldavia from Hungarian influence which raised concern with the king and nobles alike that other Romanian nobles might follow Bogdan's example. He also states that the decree shows the Romanians' "muted resistance" against the monarch and the noblemen who had attempted to deprive them of their property, especially their inherited estates.[11][12]
According to Benedek Jancsó, documents from the 14th-15th centuries attest several social problems, the relationship between the semi-nomadic shepherding Romanian settlers and the permanently settled and farming Transylvanian Hungarians and Saxons was the same as between the farming Hungarians in the Great Hungarian Plains and the wandering Cumans with their flocks. This explains the strict measures taken by King Louis the Great in 1366 that the "proliferating malefactors must be exterminated".[2]
Notes
- ^ a b Makkai, László (2001). "The Three Feudal 'Nations' and the Ottoman Threat". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 3. From the Mongol Invasion to the Battle of Mohács. Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.
- ^ a b Dr. Jancsó, Benedek. "Erdély története az Anjou-ház uralkodása alatt" [History of Transylvania during the reign of the House of Anjou]. Erdély története [History of Transylvania] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Cluj-Kolozsvár: Minerva. p. 63.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 458.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 458–459.
- ^ Pop 2003, p. 122.
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 459.
- ^ a b Pop I.-A., Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th - 16th Century) Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine In Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective, edited by Csaba Lévai et al., Edizioni PLUS, Università di Pisa, 2003, p. 111 – 125
- ^ I. Dani, K. Gündish et al. (eds.) Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370), Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162
- ^ Pop 2013, p. 461.
- ^ Petrovics 2009, p. 461.
- ^ Pop 2013, pp. 469–470.
- ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] [Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State]. Center for Transylvanian Studies. p. 49.
Sources
- Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
- Petrovics, István (2009). "Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages". In Keene, Derek; Nagy, Balázs; Szende, Katalin (eds.). Segregation-Integration-Assimilation: Religious and Ethnic Groups in the Medieval Towns of Central and Eastern Europe. Ashgate. pp. 67–88. ISBN 978-0-7546-6477-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2003). "Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th-14th Century)". In Lévai, Csaba; Vese, Vasile (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective. Plus. pp. 111–123. ISBN 88-8492-139-2.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Lang Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7.