Tawbuid language: Difference between revisions
m →Glottals: c/e |
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====Historical comparison==== |
====Historical comparison==== |
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Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of /k/ > /h/ > /Ø/. For example: |
Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of /k/ > /h/ > /Ø/. For example: |
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:Tagalog: ako, |
:Tagalog: ako, > Buhid: aho > Tawbuid: au |
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:kami |
:kami > hami > ami |
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There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular, in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) |
There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular, in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) will arrive. |
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====Glottals==== |
====Glottals==== |
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There are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/, in Tawbuid. |
There are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/, in Tawbuid. |
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The [[glottal stop]] [ʔ] may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example: |
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The [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example: |
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:''fakafanyuun'' ‘love’ may be pronounced /fakafanyu'ʔun/ or /fakafan'yu:n/<br /> |
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:''fagfanyaan'' ‘waiting place’ /fakfanya'ʔan/ or /fakfan'ya:n/<br /> |
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:''naali'' ‘dug’ /na'ali/ or /na'ʔali/ |
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:{{Lang|twb|fakafanyuun}} 'love' may be pronounced {{IPA|/fakafanyu'ʔun/|lang=twb}} or {{IPA|/fakafan'yu:n/|lang=twb}} |
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Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern.<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|fagfanyaan}} 'waiting place' {{IPA|/fakfanya'ʔan/|lang=twb}} or {{IPA|/fakfan'ya:n/|lang=twb}} |
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Vowels following /i/ and /u/ offer different interpretations as to whether a linking /y/ or /w/ is present. For example:<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|naali}} 'dug' {{IPA|/na'ali/|lang=twb}} or {{IPA|/na'ʔali/|lang=twb}} |
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:''siu'' or ''siyu'' ‘elbow’ <br /> |
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:''tua'' or ''tuwa'' grammatical marker |
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Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern. |
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Vowels following {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} offer different interpretations as to whether a linking {{IPA|/y/}} or {{IPA|/w/}} is present. For example: |
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:{{Lang|twb|siu}} or {{Lang|twb|siyu}} 'elbow' |
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:{{Lang|twb|tua}} or {{Lang|twb|tuwa}}: grammatical marker |
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====Assimilation==== |
====Assimilation==== |
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There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example: |
There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example: |
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: |
:lanbung', (rather than */lambung/) (. Tagalog: ) |
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: |
:sangdaw'' (not */sandaw/) |
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:angru' bulu (kind of bamboo) (not */anru/) |
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:anbul', (not */ambul/) |
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====Description of phonemes==== |
====Description of phonemes==== |
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'''/i/''' |
'''/i/'''close front spread |
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: occurs syllable |
: occurs syllableinitial, middle and final |
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: {{Lang|twb|idu}} 'dog' |
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: ''idu'' ‘dog’<br /> |
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: |
: lino', sea, body of |
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: |
: katsi', |
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'''/e/''' |
'''/e/'''half close front spread |
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established as a phoneme in contrast with /i/ by minimal pairs<br /> |
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: ''lili'' ‘said while tickling pig’<br /> |
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: ''lele'' ‘tongue’<br /> |
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: ''liplip'' ‘blink eyes, flash light’<br /> |
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: ''leplep'' ‘tongue’<br /> |
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occurrence in similar environment:<br /> |
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: ''seud'' ‘steam or boil to cook’<br /> |
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: ''siun'' ‘right-hand side’ |
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Established as a phoneme in contrast with {{IPA|/i/}} by minimal pairs |
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Historically this was most likely /ay/. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for /ay/ to become /e/, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with ‘may’ being pronounced /me/ in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this: <br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|lili}} 'said while tickling pig' |
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: ''wase'' ‘axe’ , cf. other dialects, including Alangan, Ilocano: ‘wasay’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|lele}} 'tongue' |
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: ''sunge'' ‘horn’ , cf. Tagalog ‘sungay’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|liplip}} 'blink eyes, flash light' |
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: ''abe'' ‘winged bean’ Cf. Iraya ‘abay’. |
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: {{Lang|twb|leplep}} 'tongue' |
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Occurrence in similar environment: |
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: {{Lang|twb|seud}} 'steam or boil to cook' |
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: {{Lang|twb|siun}} 'right-hand side' |
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Historically this was most likely {{IPA|/ay/}}. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for {{IPA|/ay/}} to become {{IPA|/e/}}, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with {{Lang|tl|may}} being pronounced {{IPA|/me/}} in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this: |
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Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word.<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|wase}} 'axe' , cf. other dialects, including [[Alangan language|Alangan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]: {{Lang|alj|wasay}} |
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: ''sable'' ‘cross a hill’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|sunge}} 'horn', cf. Tagalog {{Lang|tl|sungay}} |
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: ''sablaya''n ‘the place where you arrive after crossing a hill’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|abe}} 'winged bean' cf. [[Iraya language|Iraya]] {{Lang|iry|abay}}. |
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: ''-duge'' ‘a long time’ (root word)<br /> |
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: ''kadugean'' or ''kadugayan'' ‘elapsed time’ |
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Within Tawbuid, {{IPA|/ay/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word. |
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'''/a/''' open central unrounded<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|sable}} 'cross a hill' |
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Vowel which occurs in syllable initial, mid and final positions.<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|sablayan}} 'the place where you arrive after crossing a hill' |
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: ''amlung'' ‘species of vine’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|-duge}} 'a long time' (root word) |
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: ''ban'' ‘species of tree’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|kadugean}} or {{Lang|twb|kadugayan}} 'elapsed time' |
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: ''fana'' ‘arrow’ |
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'''/ |
'''//'''open |
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established as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs<br /> |
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: ''biu'' ‘species of shell’<br /> |
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: ''bio'' ‘eagle’<br /> |
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: ''susu'' ‘breast’<br /> |
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: ''soso'' ‘rinsed nami’ |
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Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions. |
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As with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/. A similar process occurred in English and French.<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|amlung}} 'species of vine' |
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: ''o'' ‘you (singular)’ Cf. Buhid ‘haw’.<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|ban}} 'species of tree' |
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: ''ano'' ‘fan palm’ Cf. Tagalog ‘anahaw’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|fana}} 'arrow' |
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: ''fiso'' ‘bush knife’ Cf. Alangan, Indonesian, ‘pisaw’ |
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'''/ |
'''//''' back rounded |
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syllable initial, middle and final<br /> |
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: ''u'' ‘finger nail, toe nail’<br /> |
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: ''ugak'' ‘crow’<br /> |
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: ''fagut'' ‘tame’<br /> |
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: ''alu'' ‘mortar’ |
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Established as a phoneme in contrast with {{IPA|/u/}} by minimal pairs |
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'''/ɨ/''' close central unrounded<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|biu}} 'species of shell' |
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syllable initial middle and final<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|bio}} 'eagle' |
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: ''vtv'' ‘immediate, subsequent’<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|susu}} 'breast' |
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: ''gvnas'' ‘pull leaves off stalk’ |
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: {{Lang|twb|soso}} 'rinsed nami' |
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As with {{IPA|/e/}}, this is probably a historical development of {{IPA|/aw/}}. A similar process occurred in English and French. |
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In orthography, the letter ‘v’ is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with /a/ or /ɨ/ in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.) |
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: {{Lang|twb|o}} 'you (singular)' cf. Buhid {{Transl|bku|haw}} |
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: {{Lang|twb|ano}} 'fan palm' cf. Tagalog {{Lang|tl|anahaw}} |
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: {{Lang|twb|fiso}} 'bush knife' cf. Alangan, Indonesian, {{Lang|alj|pisaw}} |
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'''/ |
'''//''' |
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syllable initial and final. For example:<br /> |
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: ''bio'' ‘eagle’<br /> |
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: ''kalub'' ‘fall face down’ |
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Syllable-initial, middle and final |
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'''/p/''' voiceless bilabial plosive. <br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|u}} 'fingernail, toenail' |
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environment: syllable initial (but rare word initial) and final <br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|ugak}} 'crow' |
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variants:<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|fagut}} 'tame' |
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[p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive <br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|alu}} 'mortar' |
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environment: syllable initial<br /> |
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: ''patuy'' ‘compressed lump of soaked nami’<br /> |
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: ''paras'' ‘small mouse species’ <br /> |
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: ''agipan'' ‘scorpion’<br /> |
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: ''apalya'' ‘ampalaya, bitter gourd’<br /> |
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: ''napsug'' ‘full, satisfied with food’ |
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'''{{IPA|/ɨ/}}''' close central unrounded |
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[pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive<br /> |
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environment: word final<br /> |
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: ''tap'' ‘number’ |
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Syllable-initial, middle and final |
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/p/ is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following:<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|vtv}} 'immediate, subsequent' |
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there is at least one minimal pair:<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|gvnas}} 'pull leaves off stalk' |
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: ''tapi'' ‘count (imperative)’, from root ‘tap’ plus suffix -i<br /> |
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: ''tafi'' ‘slash, chop mark from a knife’ |
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In orthography, the letter ''v'' is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/ɨ/}} in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word ({{Lang|twb|tibanglvn}}) {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ɨ/}} are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.) |
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/p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/ under the following circumstances:<br /> |
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: /f/ is never syllable-final, but /p/ can be.<br /> |
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: /f/ cannot be followed by /ɨ/, but /p/ frequently is. (e.g. /yapvs/ ‘skin boil’, /yafus/ ‘cockroach’) |
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'''/ |
'''//'''voiced plosive |
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syllable initial and final.<br /> |
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: ''dufa'' ‘armspan’<br /> |
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: ''galiad'' ‘have a cut under one’s toe’<br /> |
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: ''baladbad'' ‘woodpecker’<br /> |
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Realised as [t] before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an.<br /> |
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: /kadkafanyu'an/ > [katkafanyu'an] ‘loving one another’ |
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Syllable-initial and final. For example: |
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'''/t/''' voiceless alveolar plosive<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|bio}} 'eagle' |
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environment: syllable initial and final<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|kalub}} 'fall face down' |
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'''{{IPA|/p/}}''' voiceless bilabial plosive |
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Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final |
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Variants: {{IPA|[p]}} voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive |
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Environment: syllable-initial |
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: {{Lang|twb|patuy}} 'compressed lump of soaked nami' |
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: {{Lang|twb|paras}} 'small mouse species' |
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: {{Lang|twb|agipan}} 'scorpion' |
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: {{Lang|twb|apalya}} 'ampalaya, bitter gourd' |
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: {{Lang|twb|napsug}} 'full, satisfied with food' |
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{{IPA|[pʰ]}} voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive |
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Environment: word-final |
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: {{Lang|twb|tap}} 'number' |
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{{IPA|/p/}} is established as a phoneme in contrast with {{IPA|/f/}} by the following: |
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There is at least one minimal pair: |
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: {{Lang|twb|tapi}} 'count (imperative)', from root {{Lang|twb|tap}} plus suffix ''-i'' |
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: {{Lang|twb|tafi}} 'slash, chop mark from a knife' |
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{{IPA|/p/}} is in [[contrastive distribution]] with {{IPA|/f/}} under the following circumstances: |
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: {{IPA|/f/}} is never syllable-final, but {{IPA|/p/}} can be. |
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: {{IPA|/f/}} cannot be followed by {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, but {{IPA|/p/}} frequently is. (e.g.{{IPA|/yapvs/|lang=twb}} 'skin boil', {{IPA|/yafus/|lang=twb}} 'cockroach') |
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'''{{IPA|/d/}}''' voiced alveolar plosive |
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Syllable-initial and final. |
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: {{Lang|twb|dufa}} 'armspan' |
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: {{Lang|twb|galiad}} 'have a cut under one's toe' |
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: {{Lang|twb|baladbad}} 'woodpecker' |
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Realised as {{IPA|[t]}} before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an. |
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: {{IPA|/kadkafanyu'an/|lang=twb}} > {{IPA|[katkafanyu'an]|lang=twb}} 'loving one another' |
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'''{{IPA|/t/}}''' voiceless alveolar plosive |
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Environment: syllable-initial and final |
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Variants: |
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variants: <br /> |
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: [t] |
: [t]voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive |
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: syllableinitial |
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: {{Lang|twb|take}} 'arm' |
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: ''take'' ‘arm’<br /> |
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: |
: makatu'' |
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: [tʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive |
: [tʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive |
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: wordfinal |
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:{{Lang|twb|mabiat}} 'heavy' |
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:''mabiat'' ‘heavy’<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|meut}} 'vegetation' |
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:''meut'' ‘vegetation’ |
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'''/g/''' |
'''/g/'''voiced velar plosive |
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environment: syllable initial and final, or initial cluster.<br /> |
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: ''gewan'' ‘come here’<br /> |
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: ''ragbas'' ‘cut grass’<br /> |
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: ''salug '' ‘floor’<br /> |
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realised as [k] before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-.<br /> |
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: /gted/ > [kted] ‘holding’<br /> |
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: /'gfili/ > ['kfili] ‘choosing’<br /> |
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: /tagti'ug/ > [takti'ug] ‘the one who is sleeping’ |
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Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster. |
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'''/k/''' voiceless velar plosive<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|gewan}} 'come here' |
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environment: syllable initial and final<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|ragbas}} 'cut grass' |
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[k] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|salug}} 'floor' |
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environment: syllable initial<br /> |
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Realised as {{IPA|[k]}} before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix ''g-'', and prefixes ''tag-'', ''fag-''. |
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: ''kesug'' ‘love, cherish’<br /> |
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: {{IPA|/gted/|lang=twb}} > {{IPA|[kted]|lang=twb}} 'holding' |
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: ''nasuksuan'' ‘hidden’ |
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: {{IPA|/'gfili/|lang=twb}} > {{IPA|['kfili]|lang=twb}} 'choosing' |
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: {{IPA|/tagti'ug/|lang=twb}} > {{IPA|[takti'ug]|lang=twb}} 'the one who is sleeping' |
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voiceless plosive |
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environment: word final<br /> |
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:''sinduk'' ‘peck’<br /> |
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:''atsik'' ‘click’ |
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Environment: syllable-initial and final |
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There is a tendency for the initial /k/ to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example:<br /> |
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{{IPA|[k]}} voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive |
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:Tag. kasalanan > Tb. asalanan ‘sin’<br /> |
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:Tag. Kinarawan > Tb. Inaruan ‘river name’<br /> |
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:Tag. katay > Tb. ate ‘kill (root word)’ |
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Environment: syllable-initial |
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'''/f/''' voiceless labiodental fricative<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|kesug}} 'love, cherish' |
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environment: syllable initial only. See comments on /p/ for contrastive features.<br /> |
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: {{Lang|twb|nasuksuan}} 'hidden' |
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:'' faglon'' ‘second most recently born child in a family’<br /> |
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:'' fatfat'' ‘thrash around’<br /> |
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Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. /p/. For example:<br /> |
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: ''afuy'' ‘fire’ (Tagalog: ‘apoy’)<br /> |
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: ''fana'' ‘arrow’ (Tagalog: ‘pana’)<br /> |
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: ''fag'' grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, ‘pag’) |
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{{IPA|[kʰ]}} voiceless slightly aspirated plosive |
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'''/s/''' voiceless alveolar fricative <br /> |
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can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster /st/. The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants. |
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Environment: word-final |
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'''/m/''' bilabial nasal<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|sinduk}} 'peck' |
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can occur in all syllable positions. |
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:{{Lang|twb|atsik}} 'click' |
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There is a tendency for the initial {{IPA|/k/}} to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example: |
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'''/n/''' dental nasal<br /> |
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environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic<br /> |
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: ''nanan'' ‘cooked sweet potato’<br /> |
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: ''ntama'' [n'tama] ‘cooked’ |
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:Tag. {{Lang|tl|kasalanan}} > Tb. {{Lang|twb|asalanan}} 'sin' |
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'''/ŋ/''' velar nasal<br /> |
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:Tag. {{Lang|tl|Kinarawan}} > Tb. {{Lang|twb|Inaruan}} 'river name' |
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environment: syllable initial and final and syllabic |
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:Tag. {{Lang|tl|katay}} > Tb. {{Lang|twb|ate}} 'kill' (root word) |
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'''{{IPA|/f/}}''' voiceless labiodental fricative |
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: ''ngenge'' ‘baby, youngest child in family’<br /> |
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: ''song'' ‘cough’<br /> |
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: ''ngurang'' [ŋ'guraŋ] ‘matured, grew up’ |
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Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on {{IPA|/p/}} for contrastive features. |
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'''/l/''' voiced alveolar palatalized lateral<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|faglon}} 'second most recently born child in a family' |
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environment: syllable initial and final<br /> |
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:{{Lang|twb|fatfat}} 'thrash around' |
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: ''laman '' ‘so that, in order to’<br /> |
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Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. {{IPA|/p/}}. For example: |
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: ''menal'' ‘bitter, astringent tasting’ |
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:{{Lang|twb|afuy}} 'fire' (Tagalog: {{Lang|tl|apoy}}) |
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:{{Lang|twb|fana}} 'arrow' (Tagalog: {{Lang|tl|pana}}) |
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:{{Lang|twb|fag}} grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, {{Transl|bku|pag}}) |
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'''/ |
'''//''' alveolar |
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environment: syllable initial and (rarely) final <br /> |
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: ''ria'' ‘ginger’<br /> |
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: ''makerker'' ‘shoddy’ |
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Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster {{IPA|/st/}}. The affricate {{IPA|/ts/}} is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants. |
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'''/w/''' voiced bilabial approximant<br /> |
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environment: syllable initial and final<br /> |
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: ''waswas'' ‘chop with knife’<br /> |
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: ''taw'' ‘person’<br /> |
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: ''madaylaw'' ‘tiring’ |
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'''{{IPA|/m/}}''' bilabial nasal |
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'''/y/''' voiced palatal approximant<br /> |
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environment: syllable initial and final<br /> |
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Can occur in all syllable positions. |
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: ''yukyuk'' ‘kind of spirit’<br /> |
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: ''sumyu'' ‘finger, toe’<br /> |
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'''{{IPA|/n/}}''' dental nasal |
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: ''advy'' ‘expression of pain’ |
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Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic |
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: {{Lang|twb|nanan}} 'cooked sweet potato' |
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: {{Lang|twb|ntama}} {{IPA|[n'tama]|lang=twb}} 'cooked' |
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'''{{IPA|/ŋ/}}''' velar nasal |
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Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic |
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: {{Lang|twb|ngenge}} 'baby, youngest child in family' |
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: {{Lang|twb|song}} 'cough' |
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: {{Lang|twb|ngurang}} {{IPA|[ŋ'guraŋ]|lang=twb}} 'matured, grew up' |
|||
'''{{IPA|/l/}}''' voiced alveolar palatalized lateral |
|||
Environment: syllable-initial and final |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|laman}} 'so that, in order to' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|menal}} 'bitter, astringent tasting' |
|||
'''{{IPA|/R/}}''' voiced alveolar flap |
|||
Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|ria}} 'ginger' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|makerker}} 'shoddy' |
|||
'''{{IPA|/w/}}''' voiced bilabial approximant |
|||
Environment: syllable-initial and final |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|waswas}} 'chop with knife' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|taw}} 'person' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|madaylaw}} 'tiring' |
|||
'''{{IPA|/y/}}''' voiced palatal approximant |
|||
Environment: syllable-initial and final |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|yukyuk}} 'kind of spirit' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|sumyu}} 'finger, toe' |
|||
: {{Lang|twb|advy}} 'expression of pain' |
|||
'''Stress patterns''' |
|||
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below). |
|||
'''Stress patterns'''<br /> |
|||
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below). <br /> |
|||
Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not. |
Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not. |
||
: /nabag'bag/ |
: /nabag'bag/ with |
||
: /bulat'lat/ |
: /bulat'lat/ of |
||
: /fag'lon/ |
: /fag'lon/ most recently born |
||
: /fan'dagum/ |
: /fan'dagum/ made of |
||
: /kafan'donan/ |
: /kafan'donan/ is |
||
Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables. |
Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables. |
||
: /falung'fung/ |
: /falung'fung/ |
||
: /balang'bang/ |
: /balang'bang/ |
||
Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate. |
Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate. |
||
:{{Lang|twb|susu}} 'breast' |
|||
:''susu'' ‘breast’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|lele}} 'tongue' |
|||
:''lele'' ‘tongue’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|langipi}} 'wasp species' |
|||
:''langipi'' ‘wasp species’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|gigi}} 'dent' |
|||
:''gigi'' ‘dent’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|soso}} 'rinsed nami' |
|||
:''soso ''‘rinsed nami’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|vtv}} 'immediate' |
|||
:''vtv'' ‘immediate’<br /> |
|||
But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably. |
But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably. |
||
:final: |
:final:/nla'fi/ |
||
:penultimate: |
:penultimate:/'lafi/ |
||
:final: |
:final:/a'fuy/ |
||
:penultimate: |
:penultimate:/'kafuy/ noiselessly in |
||
A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress. |
A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress. |
||
: |
:/'sadi/ (penultimate) |
||
: |
:/ma'sadi/ (penultimate) |
||
: |
:/fagmasadi'un/ (final) |
||
: |
:/namasadi'an/ (final) |
||
In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress: |
In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress: |
||
:/na'taw/ |
:/na'taw/? may become /:na:taw/ when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates acute surprise. |
||
'''Secondary stress and tertiary stress''' |
'''Secondary stress and tertiary stress''' |
||
In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress.<br /> |
|||
:/²fagma³balyan¹anun/ ‘power’<br /> |
|||
:/³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/ ‘mutual love’ |
|||
In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress. |
|||
'''Accent'''<br /> |
|||
:{{IPA|/²fagma³balyan¹anun/|lang=twb}} 'power' |
|||
Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke lag katanya ‘don’t do that’: |
|||
:{{IPA|/³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/|lang=twb}} 'mutual love' |
|||
'''Accent''' |
|||
:Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low.<br /> |
|||
:Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling<br /> |
|||
Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke {{Lang|twb|lag katanya}} 'don't do that': |
|||
:Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid. |
|||
:Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low. |
|||
:Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling |
|||
:Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid. |
|||
A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout. |
A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout. |
||
'''Syllable patterns''' |
'''Syllable patterns''' |
||
V<br /> |
|||
V |
|||
monosyllabic words are: e, o, u <br /> |
|||
Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable initial pattern.<br /> |
|||
Monosyllabic words are: {{Lang|twb|e}}, {{Lang|twb|o}}, {{Lang|twb|u}} |
|||
:alu, ogo, umu, vtv ‘pestle’, ‘water-skater’, ‘royal jelly’, ‘immediate, subsequent’ |
|||
V-CV<br /> |
|||
Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern. |
|||
:''emad, ifag'' ‘louse’, ‘sister/brother-in-law’ V-CVC |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|alu}}, {{Lang|twb|ogo}}, {{Lang|twb|umu}}, {{Lang|twb|vtv}} 'pestle', 'water-skater', 'royal jelly', 'immediate, subsequent' |
|||
V-CV |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|emad, ifag}} 'louse', 'sister/brother-in-law' V-CVC |
|||
C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/ |
C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/ |
||
: |
:ndasug'' C-CV-CVC |
||
VC |
VC |
||
: |
:agbvt', VC-CVC |
||
: |
:amlung' of |
||
: |
:ekwan' of |
||
CVC |
CVC |
||
: |
:ban' of CVC |
||
:{{Lang|twb|dot}} 'species of snake' |
|||
:''dot'' ‘species of snake’<br /> |
|||
:{{Lang|twb|tap}} 'number' |
|||
:''tap'' ‘number’<br /> |
|||
: |
:faglon' youngest CVC-CVC |
||
: |
:fadeg'' CV-CVC |
||
CCV |
CCV |
||
:{{Lang|twb|ste}} 'here' CCV |
|||
:''ste '' ‘here’ CCV<br /> |
|||
: |
:glo, gbul'', |
||
: |
:tsiuy''CCV-VC |
||
CVC with semivowels |
CVC with semivowels |
||
: |
:inday''VC-CVC |
||
: |
:araw''V-CVC |
||
: |
:fuyfurit' of CVC-CV-CVC |
||
: |
:baybay'' (root)CVC-CVC |
||
==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 19:26, 26 November 2022
Tawbuid | |
---|---|
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Mindoro |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2000)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:bnj – Eastern Tawbuidtwb – Western Tawbuid |
Glottolog | bata1318 |
The Tawbuid language is a language spoken by Tawbuid Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid.
Geographic distribution
[edit]The Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans live in central Mindoro.
In Oriental Mindoro, Eastern Tawbuid (also known as Bangon) is spoken by 1,130 people in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria.[1]
In Occidental Mindoro, Western Tawbuid (also known as Batangan) is spoken by 6,810 people in the municipalities of Sablayan and Calintaan.[1]
Phonology
[edit]Western Tawbuid
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |
voiced | b | d | g | ||
Fricative | f | s | |||
Liquid | lateral | l | |||
flap | ɾ | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
Historical comparison
[edit]Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of /k/ > /h/ > /Ø/. For example:
There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular, in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) 'I will arrive.'
Glottals
[edit]There are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/, in Tawbuid.
The glottal stop [ʔ] may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example:
- fakafanyuun 'love' may be pronounced /fakafanyu'ʔun/ or /fakafan'yu:n/
- fagfanyaan 'waiting place' /fakfanya'ʔan/ or /fakfan'ya:n/
- naali 'dug' /na'ali/ or /na'ʔali/
Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern. Vowels following /i/ and /u/ offer different interpretations as to whether a linking /y/ or /w/ is present. For example:
- siu or siyu 'elbow'
- tua or tuwa: grammatical marker
Assimilation
[edit]There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example:
- lanbung 'shade, clothing' (rather than */lambung/) (cf. Tagalog: lambung)
- sangdaw 'animal trap' (not */sandaw/)
- angru 'dried bulu (kind of bamboo)' (not */anru/)
- anbul 'taken, died' (not */ambul/)
Description of phonemes
[edit]/i/ close front spread
- occurs syllable-initial, middle and final
- idu 'dog'
- lino 'lake, sea, body of water'
- katsi 'now, today'
/e/ half close front spread
Established as a phoneme in contrast with /i/ by minimal pairs
- lili 'said while tickling pig'
- lele 'tongue'
- liplip 'blink eyes, flash light'
- leplep 'tongue'
Occurrence in similar environment:
- seud 'steam or boil to cook'
- siun 'right-hand side'
Historically this was most likely /ay/. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for /ay/ to become /e/, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with may being pronounced /me/ in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this:
- wase 'axe' , cf. other dialects, including Alangan, Ilocano: wasay
- sunge 'horn', cf. Tagalog sungay
- abe 'winged bean' cf. Iraya abay.
Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word.
- sable 'cross a hill'
- sablayan 'the place where you arrive after crossing a hill'
- -duge 'a long time' (root word)
- kadugean or kadugayan 'elapsed time'
/a/ open central unrounded
Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions.
- amlung 'species of vine'
- ban 'species of tree'
- fana 'arrow'
/o/ half-open back rounded
Established as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs
- biu 'species of shell'
- bio 'eagle'
- susu 'breast'
- soso 'rinsed nami'
As with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/. A similar process occurred in English and French.
- o 'you (singular)' cf. Buhid haw
- ano 'fan palm' cf. Tagalog anahaw
- fiso 'bush knife' cf. Alangan, Indonesian, pisaw
/u/ close back rounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
- u 'fingernail, toenail'
- ugak 'crow'
- fagut 'tame'
- alu 'mortar'
/ɨ/ close central unrounded
Syllable-initial, middle and final
- vtv 'immediate, subsequent'
- gvnas 'pull leaves off stalk'
In orthography, the letter v is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with /a/ or /ɨ/ in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.)
/b/ voiced bilabial plosive
Syllable-initial and final. For example:
- bio 'eagle'
- kalub 'fall face down'
/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final
Variants: [p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
- patuy 'compressed lump of soaked nami'
- paras 'small mouse species'
- agipan 'scorpion'
- apalya 'ampalaya, bitter gourd'
- napsug 'full, satisfied with food'
[pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: word-final
- tap 'number'
/p/ is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following:
There is at least one minimal pair:
- tapi 'count (imperative)', from root tap plus suffix -i
- tafi 'slash, chop mark from a knife'
/p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/ under the following circumstances:
- /f/ is never syllable-final, but /p/ can be.
- /f/ cannot be followed by /ɨ/, but /p/ frequently is. (e.g./yapvs/ 'skin boil', /yafus/ 'cockroach')
/d/ voiced alveolar plosive
Syllable-initial and final.
- dufa 'armspan'
- galiad 'have a cut under one's toe'
- baladbad 'woodpecker'
Realised as [t] before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an.
- /kadkafanyu'an/ > [katkafanyu'an] 'loving one another'
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final
Variants:
- [t] voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
- take 'arm'
- makatu 'able'
- [tʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive
Environment: word-final
- mabiat 'heavy'
- meut 'vegetation'
/g/ voiced velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster.
- gewan 'come here'
- ragbas 'cut grass'
- salug 'floor'
Realised as [k] before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-.
- /gted/ > [kted] 'holding'
- /'gfili/ > ['kfili] 'choosing'
- /tagti'ug/ > [takti'ug] 'the one who is sleeping'
/k/ voiceless velar plosive
Environment: syllable-initial and final
[k] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive
Environment: syllable-initial
- kesug 'love, cherish'
- nasuksuan 'hidden'
[kʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated plosive
Environment: word-final
- sinduk 'peck'
- atsik 'click'
There is a tendency for the initial /k/ to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example:
- Tag. kasalanan > Tb. asalanan 'sin'
- Tag. Kinarawan > Tb. Inaruan 'river name'
- Tag. katay > Tb. ate 'kill' (root word)
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on /p/ for contrastive features.
- faglon 'second most recently born child in a family'
- fatfat 'thrash around'
Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. /p/. For example:
- afuy 'fire' (Tagalog: apoy)
- fana 'arrow' (Tagalog: pana)
- fag grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, pag)
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster /st/. The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants.
/m/ bilabial nasal
Can occur in all syllable positions.
/n/ dental nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
- nanan 'cooked sweet potato'
- ntama [n'tama] 'cooked'
/ŋ/ velar nasal
Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic
- ngenge 'baby, youngest child in family'
- song 'cough'
- ngurang [ŋ'guraŋ] 'matured, grew up'
/l/ voiced alveolar palatalized lateral
Environment: syllable-initial and final
- laman 'so that, in order to'
- menal 'bitter, astringent tasting'
/R/ voiced alveolar flap
Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final
- ria 'ginger'
- makerker 'shoddy'
/w/ voiced bilabial approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
- waswas 'chop with knife'
- taw 'person'
- madaylaw 'tiring'
/y/ voiced palatal approximant
Environment: syllable-initial and final
- yukyuk 'kind of spirit'
- sumyu 'finger, toe'
- advy 'expression of pain'
Stress patterns
Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below).
Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not.
- /nabag'bag/ 'attacked with knife'
- /bulat'lat/ 'species of grass'
- /fag'lon/ 'second most recently born child'
- /fan'dagum/ 'charm made of resin'
- /kafan'donan/ 'night is falling'
Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables.
- /falung'fung/ 'sapling'
- /balang'bang/ 'thigh'
Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate.
- susu 'breast'
- lele 'tongue'
- langipi 'wasp species'
- gigi 'dent'
- soso 'rinsed nami'
- vtv 'immediate'
But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably.
- final: /nla'fi/ 'flattened'
- penultimate: /'lafi/ 'shoulder'
- final: /a'fuy/ 'fire'
- penultimate: /'kafuy/ 'cry noiselessly in sleep'
A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress.
- /'sadi/ 'one' (penultimate)
- /ma'sadi/ 'united' (penultimate)
- /fagmasadi'un/ 'unity' (final)
- /namasadi'an/ 'agreement' (final)
In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress:
- /na'taw/ 'what?' may become /:na:taw/ when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates acute surprise.
Secondary stress and tertiary stress
In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress.
- /²fagma³balyan¹anun/ 'power'
- /³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/ 'mutual love'
Accent
Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke lag katanya 'don't do that':
- Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low.
- Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling
- Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid.
A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout.
Syllable patterns
V
Monosyllabic words are: e, o, u
Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern.
- alu, ogo, umu, vtv 'pestle', 'water-skater', 'royal jelly', 'immediate, subsequent'
V-CV
- emad, ifag 'louse', 'sister/brother-in-law' V-CVC
C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/
- ndasug 'arrived' C-CV-CVC
VC
- agbvt, 'great, large' VC-CVC
- amlung 'species of vine'
- ekwan 'share of harvest'
CVC
- ban 'species of tree' CVC
- dot 'species of snake'
- tap 'number'
- faglon 'second youngest child' CVC-CVC
- fadeg 'field' CV-CVC
CCV
- ste 'here' CCV
- glo, gbul 'going', 'getting' CCV
- tsiuy 'there' CCV-VC
CVC with semivowels
- inday 'which?' VC-CVC
- araw 'forest' V-CVC
- fuyfurit 'species of bat' CVC-CV-CVC
- baybay 'plentiful' (root) CVC-CVC
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Eastern Tawbuid at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western Tawbuid at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
External links
[edit]- Mangyan Heritage Center
- Zorc, R. David. 1972. Taubuid (Batangan) notes.