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Coordinates: 71°23′S 63°22′W / 71.383°S 63.367°W / -71.383; -63.367
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{{Short description|Mountain in Antarctica}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Jackson
| name = Mount Jackson
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| photo_caption = South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
| photo_caption = South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
| elevation_m = 3184
| elevation_m = 3184
| elevation_ref ={{sfn|Headland|2009|p=577}}{{sfn|Antarctica Ultra-Prominences Peaklist}}{{sfn|New satellite imagery BAS}}
| elevation_ref =<ref name="Headland2009">{{cite book|last=Headland|first=Robert K.|title=A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration|url=|accessdate=|year=2009|publisher=Quaritch|isbn=978-0-9550852-8-4|page=577}}</ref><ref name="peaklist">[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/antarctica.html "Antarctica Ultra-Prominences"] Peaklist.org. Footnote (14) from site: ''Elevation from American Alpine Journal (1999). GNIS offers elevation of 3050m.'' Retrieved 29 January 2013.</ref>
| prominence_m = 2187
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =<ref name="peaklist"/>
| prominence_ref =
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| listing =
| location = [[Antarctica]]
| range =
| map = Antarctica
| map = Antarctica
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| map_size =
| label_position =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|71|23|S|63|22|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Antarctica]]
| coordinates_ref ={{sfn|Antarctica Ultra-Prominences Peaklist}}{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=366}}
| range =
| lat_d = 71 | lat_m = 23 | lat_NS = S
| long_d = 63 | long_m = 22 | long_EW = W
| coordinates_ref =<ref name="peaklist"/><ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=7429|name=Mount Jackson|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref>
| topo =
| topo =
| type =
| type =
| age =
| age =
| first_ascent = 23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team.<ref name="Cunningham"/>
| first_ascent = 23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team. =
}}
}}


'''Mount Jackson''' ('''Mount Andrew Jackson''' and '''Mount Ernest Gruening''') is a [[mountain]] that dominates the upland of the southern part of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. It is located in [[Palmer Land]], within the [[Antarctic Treaty|Antarctic claims]] of [[Argentine Antarctica|Argentina]], [[Antártica|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]]. With an elevation of {{convert|3184|m}}, Mount Jackson is the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory. Discovered by members of the [[United States Antarctic Service]], 1939–41, it was named for [[Andrew Jackson]], the seventh [[President of the United States]]. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by [[John Crabbe Cunningham]] of the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.
'''Mount Jackson''' ('''Mount Andrew Jackson''' and '''Mount Ernest Gruening''') is a [[mountain]] that dominates the upland of the southern part of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. It is located in [[Palmer Land]], within the [[Antarctic Treaty|Antarctic claims]] of [[Argentine Antarctica|Argentina]], [[Antártica|Chile]] and the [[British Antarctic Territory|United Kingdom]].
With an elevation of {{convert|3184|m}}, Mount Jackson the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory.
Discovered by members of the [[United States Antarctic Service]], 1939–41, it was named for [[Andrew Jackson]], the seventh [[President of the United States]]. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by [[John Crabbe Cunningham]] of the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.

Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf by reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, while the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends.


{{TOC limit|2}}
==Topography==
Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Antarctic Peninsula satellite image.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of [[Antarctic Peninsula]]]]
[[File:Antarctic Peninsula satellite image.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of [[Antarctic Peninsula]]]]


The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the [[United States Antarctic Service]] (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations. The height was estimated at {{convert|4200|m}}, and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the [[Alaska Territory]] at that time, [[Ernest Gruening]].<ref name="SCAR7021">{{Cite web|url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=109490|format=|title=SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021: Jackson, Mount
The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the [[United States Antarctic Service]] (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations.
The height was estimated at {{convert|4200|m}}, and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the [[Alaska Territory]] at that time, [[Ernest Gruening]].{{|SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021
|publisher=Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory |accessdate=29 January 2013 }}</ref> USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.<ref name="SCAR7021"/> President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the [[United States Exploring Expedition]] of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. [[Charles Wilkes]], included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.<ref name="gnis"/>
USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.
President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the [[United States Exploring Expedition]] of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. [[Charles Wilkes]], included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.=


In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) ground party based at [[Stonington Island]] observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at {{convert|3050|m}}, considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.<ref name="SCAR7021"/>
In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ground party based at [[Stonington Island]] observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at {{convert|3050|m}}, considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.
After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.{{sfn|British Antarctic Survey|1969}} BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at [[Adelaide Island]], was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by [[dog sled]] for {{convert|400|mi|disp=flip}},{{sfn|Encyclopaedia of mountaineering 1975|p=74}} his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.{{sfn|SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021}}{{sfn|Hattersley-Smith |1988|p=190}}{{sfn|Exploring the Frozen World}}


A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.{{sfn|Headland|2009|p=577}}<!--"A" precise height? Not "the"? What height did they determine?-->
After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.<ref name="Survey1969">{{cite book|author=British Antarctic Survey|title=Annual Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pWkkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1969|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council|page=5}}</ref> BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at [[Adelaide Island]], was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by [[dog sled]] for {{convert|400|mi|disp=flip}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia1975">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of mountaineering|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1YAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=27 December 2012|year=1975|publisher=Robert Hale|isbn=978-0-7091-4804-3|page=74}}</ref> his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.<ref name="SCAR7021"/><ref name="Cunningham">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1988-89_files/AJ%201988%20184-190%20Hattersley-Smith%20Antarctic.pdf|format=pdf|title= Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place-names|accessdate=27 December 2012|publisher=Alpine Journal Org.|notes=Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years, space allows mention of only two. J. C. Cunningham (1927–80) … on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson, Palmer Land {{convert|3180|m}}; the highest peak in the BAT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philwickens.co.uk/download/files/ARTICLE_ClimbMagazine_Sept2011.pdf|format=pdf|title=Exploring the Frozen World|publisher=Mountain World, Climb Magazine.com|notes= ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula, Mount Jackson at {{convert|3184|m}} well to the south in remote Palmer Land, fell to the notorious Scot, John Cunningham, in 1964}}</ref>

A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.<ref name="Headland2009"/><!--"A" precise height? Not "the"? What height did they determine?-->


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:S of Mt Jackson mixed mafic-felsic breccia face.jpg|thumb|upright|Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed [[mafic]]/[[felsic]] [[breccia]] face]]
[[File:S of Mt Jackson mixed mafic-felsic breccia face.jpg|thumb|upright|Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed [[mafic]]/[[felsic]] [[breccia]] face]]
The mountain is {{convert|3184|m}} in height,<ref name="Headland2009"/> with a prominence of {{convert|2187|m}} and a saddle [[Digital elevation model|DEM]] of {{convert|997|m}}.<ref name="peaklist"/> Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between {{convert|2000|-|3000|m}},<ref name="Riffenburgh2007">{{cite book|last=Riffenburgh|first=Beau|authorlink=Beau Riffenburgh|title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA66|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-97024-2|pages=66–}}</ref> and on the west side of the central Black Coast.<ref name="Bulletin1980">{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v4bzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1980|publisher=British Antarctic Survey|pages=23, 30}}</ref> The two mountains rise above the ice shelf by reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.<ref name=geology>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin49_04.pdf|format=pdf|title=Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land|pages=21–22, 30|accessdate=15 January 2013|publisher=British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk}}</ref> The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over {{convert|990|mi|disp=flip}}, covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.<ref name="Headland2009"/><ref name="Secretariat2004">{{cite book|author=Commonwealth Secretariat|title=Commonwealth Yearbook 2004|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-P9d2Kb5WREC&pg=PA341|accessdate=29 December 2012|date=1 April 2004|publisher=Stylus Pub Llc|isbn=978-0-11-703227-9|page=341}}</ref><ref name="Rubin2008">{{cite book|author=Jeff Rubin|title=Antarctica 4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA35|accessdate=26 December 2012|date=1 November 2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-549-9|pages=35–36}}</ref>
The mountain is {{convert|3184|m}} in height,= with a prominence of {{convert||m}} and a saddle [[Digital elevation model|DEM]] of {{convert||m}}. Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between {{convert|2000|-|3000|m}},{{|Riffenburgh|2007|=}} and on the west side of the central Black Coast.<ref name="Bulletin1980">{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=://books.google.com/books?id=v4bzAAAAMAAJ|=4 January 2013|year=1980|publisher=British Antarctic Survey|pages=23, 30}}</ref> The two mountains rise above the ice shelf reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.{{ ||=21–22, 30}}
The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over {{convert|990|mi|disp=flip}}, covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.{{sfn|Headland|2009|p=577}}{{sfn|Commonwealth Yearbook 2004|p=341}}{{sfn|Rubin|2008|pp= 35–36}}


Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,<ref name="Sailing2002">{{cite book|title=Sailing Directions (planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sfvtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=5 January 2013|year=2002|publisher=The Agency|page=97}}</ref> while the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the [[Rowley Massif]] are separated by [[Odom Inlet]].<ref name="Herzfeld2004">{{cite book|last=Herzfeld|first=Ute C.|title=Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data : with 169 Figures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5TsW5lmjJf4C&pg=PA204|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-43457-3|pages=204–}}</ref> [[Cline Glacier]] drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.<ref name="geographic.orgCline">{{cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/antname.php?uni=2886&fid=antgeo_105|title=Cline Glacier: Antarctica |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|accessdate=5 January 2013|location=Bethesda, MD, USA}}</ref>
Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,{{|Sailing Directions|= 97}} the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the [[Rowley Massif]] are separated by [[Odom Inlet]].{{|Herzfeld|2004|=}} [[Cline Glacier]] drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.<ref name="geographic.orgCline">{{cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/antname.php?uni=2886&fid=antgeo_105|title=Cline Glacier: Antarctica |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|=5 January 2013|location=Bethesda, MD, USA}}</ref>


Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/geography/Afghanistan-to-Comoros/Antarctica.html|title=Antarctica|accessdate=15 January 2013|publisher= Encyclopedia of the Nations}}</ref> The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with [[scree]] and [[felsenmeer]]. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted.<ref name="geology"/>
Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/geography/Afghanistan-to-Comoros/Antarctica.html|title=Antarctica|=15 January 2013|publisher= Encyclopedia of the Nations}}</ref> The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with [[scree]] and [[felsenmeer]]. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted. =


==See also==
== ==
{{geogroup}}
* [[List of Ultras of Antarctica]]
[[File:Palmer Land North USGS Sketch.jpg|thumb|Northern Palmer Land. Welch Mountains east of center of map]]
Nnearby features include, from north to south, Mount Van Buren, Swarson Nunatak, Davis Ridge and Musson Nunatak.{{sfn|Palmer Land USGS}}
<!--
The level 3 headings below are the targets of redirects, e.g. #redirect [[Mount Jackson (Antarctica)#Mount Van Buren]]
Please either preserve the headings or replace them with anchors, e.g.
* {{anchor|Mount Van Buren}} Mount Van Buren ...
-->

===Mount Van Buren===
{{coord|71|18|S|63|30|W}}.
The prominent mountain {{convert|3|nmi}} north-northwest of Mount Jackson, at the east side of the [[Dyer Plateau]].
Mapped by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) in 1974.
The name was applied by the United States [[Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names]] (US-ACAN) in association with Mount Jackson.
[[Martin Van Buren]] (1782-1862) was the eighth President of the United States, 1837-41.
He was Vice President, 1833-37, during the second term of President Andrew Jackson.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=775}}

===Swarsen Nunatak===
{{coord|71|25|S|63|39|W}}.
A conspicuous nunatak, largely snow covered, located {{convert|5|nmi}} southwest of Mount Jackson.
Mapped by the USGS in 1974.
Named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Ronald J. Swarsen, United States Navy Reserve, Medical Officer at [[Byrd Station]], 1971, and at the [[South Pole Station]], 1973.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=728}}

===Davis Ridge===
{{coord|71|24|S|63|00|W}}.
A ridge of irregular shape, apparently an outlier of the Mount Jackson massif.
It rises above the ice surface {{convert|6|nmi}} east-southeast of the summit of Mount Jackson.
Mapped by the USGS in 1974.
Named by the US-ACAN for Brent L. Davis, USARP biologist at Palmer Station, 1971, and in the Antarctic Peninsula area, 1974-75 season.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=176}}

===Musson Nunatak===
{{coord|71|31|S|63|27|W}}.
A pyramidal nunatak standing {{convert|10|nmi}} south of Mount Jackson, at the east margin of the Dyer Plateau.
Mapped by the USGS in 1974.
Named by the US-ACAN for John M. Musson, PH2, United States Navy, photographer and member of the cartographic aerial mapping crew in LC-130 aircraft of Squadron VXE-6, 1968-69.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=514}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf |accessdate=2023-12-03 |edition=2
|editor-last=Alberts |title=Geographic Names of the Antarctic |editor-first=Fred G.
|publisher=United States Board on Geographic Names |year=1995}} {{Include-USGov |agency=United States Board on Geographic Names}}
*{{citation |url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/antarctica.html |quote=Footnote (14) from site: ''Elevation from American Alpine Journal (1999). GNIS offers elevation of 3050m.''
|title=Antarctica Ultra-Prominences |work=Peaklist.org |ref={{harvid|Antarctica Ultra-Prominences Peaklist}} |accessdate=29 January 2013}}
*{{cite book |publisher=Natural Environment Research Council|page=5|isbn=9780856650727
|author=British Antarctic Survey|title=Annual Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWkkAQAAIAAJ|access-date=4 January 2013|year=1969 }}
*{{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Commonwealth Yearbook 2004|p=}}
|title=Commonwealth Yearbook 2004 | author=Commonwealth Secretariat | date=1 April 2004 | publisher=Stylus Pub Llc | isbn=978-0-11-703227-9
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P9d2Kb5WREC&pg=PA341 | access-date=29 December 2012}}
*{{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of mountaineering 1975}}
|title=Encyclopaedia of mountaineering |year=1975 | publisher=Robert Hale | isbn=978-0-7091-4804-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1YAAAAYAAJ | access-date=27 December 2012}}
*{{Citation | url=http://www.philwickens.co.uk/download/files/ARTICLE_ClimbMagazine_Sept2011.pdf |ref={{harvid|Exploring the Frozen World}}
|title=Exploring the Frozen World|publisher=Mountain World, Climb Magazine.com |access-date=2014-02-15
|quote=Ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula, Mount Jackson at {{convert|3184|m}} well to the south in remote Palmer Land, fell to the Scot, John Cunningham, in 1964}}
*{{citation |url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1988-89_files/AJ%201988%20184-190%20Hattersley-Smith%20Antarctic.pdf
|last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |year=1988 | title= Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place-names
|access-date=27 December 2012 | publisher=Alpine Journal Org. |quote=Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years, space allows mention of only two. J. C. Cunningham (1927–80) … on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson, Palmer Land {{convert|3180|m}}; the highest peak in the BAT.}}
*{{Cite book | title=A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration
|last=Headland | first=Robert K. | year=2009 | publisher=Bernard Quaritch Limited | isbn=978-0-9550852-8-4 }}
*{{Cite book | title=Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data : with 169 Figures
|last=Herzfeld | first=Ute C. | year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-540-43457-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TsW5lmjJf4C&pg=PA204 | access-date=4 January 2013}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Mount Jackson peakbagger}}
|title=Mount Jackson |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12063 |website=Peakbagger |access-date=15 March 2023}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/new-satellite-imagery-reveals-new-highest-antarctic-peninsula-mountain/ |ref={{harvid|New satellite imagery BAS}}
|title=New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |date=11 December 2017}}
*{{citation |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palmer_Land_North_USGS_Sketch.jpg |accessdate=2024-04-25
|title=Palmer Land |publisher=USGS: United States Geological Survey |ref={{harvid|Palmer Land USGS}} }}
*{{Cite book | title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index
|last=Riffenburgh | first=Beau | author-link=Beau Riffenburgh | year=2007 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-0-415-97024-2
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA66|access-date=4 January 2013}}
*{{Cite book | title=Antarctica 4
|last=Rubin |first=Jeff | date=1 November 2008 | publisher=Lonely Planet
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA35 | isbn=978-1-74104-549-9}}
*{{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Sailing Directions}}
|title=Sailing Directions (planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica | year=2002 | publisher=The Agency
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfvtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 January 2013}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=109490 |access-date=29 January 2013 |ref={{harvid|SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021}}
|title=SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021: Jackson, Mount |publisher=Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226061919/https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=109490 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin49_04.pdf|title=Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land
|last=Singleton |first=D.G. |year=1976 |access-date=15 January 2013|publisher=British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518004430/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin49_04.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}
{{Include-USGov |agency=United States Geological Survey}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Mount Jackson}}
{{Commons category-inline|Mount Jackson}}

{{good article}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Mount}}
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[[Category:British Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:British Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:Mountains of Palmer Land]]
[[Category:Mountains of Palmer Land]]

[[pnb:ٹلہ جیکسن]]
{{good article}}

Latest revision as of 13:28, 29 April 2024

Mount Jackson
South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
Highest point
Elevation3,184 m (10,446 ft)[1][2][3]
Prominence1,384 m (4,541 ft)[4]
Coordinates71°23′S 63°22′W / 71.383°S 63.367°W / -71.383; -63.367[2][5]
Geography
Mount Jackson is located in Antarctica
Mount Jackson
Mount Jackson
Climbing
First ascent23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team.[6]

Mount Jackson (Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is located in Palmer Land, within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom. With an elevation of 3,184 metres (10,446 ft), Mount Jackson was once thought to be the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory, before the true height of Mount Hope (Eternity Range) was measured.[3] Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service, 1939–41, it was named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Crabbe Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.

Topography

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Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends.

History

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Satellite image of the Antarctic Peninsula

The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations. The height was estimated at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time, Ernest Gruening.[7] USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.[7] President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. Charles Wilkes, included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.[5]

In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3,050 metres (10,010 ft), considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.[7] After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.[8] BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island, was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by dog sled for 640 kilometres (400 mi),[9] his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.[7][6][10]

A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.[1]

Geography

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Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed mafic/felsic breccia face

The mountain is 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) in height,[1] with a prominence of 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) and a saddle DEM of 1,901 metres (6,237 ft).[3] Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between 2,000–3,000 metres (6,600–9,800 ft),[11] and on the west side of the central Black Coast.[12] The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.[13] The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over 1,590 kilometres (990 mi), covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.[1][14][15]

Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,[16] whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the Rowley Massif are separated by Odom Inlet.[17] Cline Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.[18]

Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.[19] The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with scree and felsenmeer. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted.[13]

Nearby features

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Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Northern Palmer Land. Welch Mountains east of center of map

Nnearby features include, from north to south, Mount Van Buren, Swarson Nunatak, Davis Ridge and Musson Nunatak.[20]

Mount Van Buren

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71°18′S 63°30′W / 71.300°S 63.500°W / -71.300; -63.500. The prominent mountain 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north-northwest of Mount Jackson, at the east side of the Dyer Plateau. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1974. The name was applied by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with Mount Jackson. Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) was the eighth President of the United States, 1837-41. He was Vice President, 1833-37, during the second term of President Andrew Jackson.[21]

Swarsen Nunatak

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71°25′S 63°39′W / 71.417°S 63.650°W / -71.417; -63.650. A conspicuous nunatak, largely snow covered, located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) southwest of Mount Jackson. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Ronald J. Swarsen, United States Navy Reserve, Medical Officer at Byrd Station, 1971, and at the South Pole Station, 1973.[22]

Davis Ridge

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71°24′S 63°00′W / 71.400°S 63.000°W / -71.400; -63.000. A ridge of irregular shape, apparently an outlier of the Mount Jackson massif. It rises above the ice surface 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-southeast of the summit of Mount Jackson. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for Brent L. Davis, USARP biologist at Palmer Station, 1971, and in the Antarctic Peninsula area, 1974-75 season.[23]

Musson Nunatak

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71°31′S 63°27′W / 71.517°S 63.450°W / -71.517; -63.450. A pyramidal nunatak standing 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) south of Mount Jackson, at the east margin of the Dyer Plateau. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for John M. Musson, PH2, United States Navy, photographer and member of the cartographic aerial mapping crew in LC-130 aircraft of Squadron VXE-6, 1968-69.[24]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Headland 2009, p. 577.
  2. ^ a b Antarctica Ultra-Prominences Peaklist.
  3. ^ a b c New satellite imagery BAS.
  4. ^ Mount Jackson peakbagger.
  5. ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 366.
  6. ^ a b Hattersley-Smith 1988, p. 190.
  7. ^ a b c d SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021.
  8. ^ British Antarctic Survey 1969.
  9. ^ Encyclopaedia of mountaineering 1975, p. 74.
  10. ^ Exploring the Frozen World.
  11. ^ Riffenburgh 2007, pp. 66ff.
  12. ^ Bulletin. British Antarctic Survey. 1980. pp. 23, 30. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  13. ^ a b Singleton 1976, pp. 21–22, 30.
  14. ^ Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341.
  15. ^ Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36.
  16. ^ Sailing Directions, p. 97.
  17. ^ Herzfeld 2004, p. 204ff.
  18. ^ "Cline Glacier: Antarctica". Bethesda, MD, USA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  19. ^ "Antarctica". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  20. ^ Palmer Land USGS.
  21. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 775.
  22. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 728.
  23. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 176.
  24. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 514.

Sources

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

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Media related to Mount Jackson at Wikimedia Commons

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