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'''Mughal ''Karkhanas''''' (Karkhana, Karkana kārakhānā, Qur khana,कारखाना, کارخانہ) were the workshops for [[Craft|craftsmen]], established by [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], started from [[Akbar|Akbar's]] reign. |
'''Mughal ''Karkhanas''''' (Karkhana, Karkana kārakhānā, Qur khana,कारखाना, کارخانہ) were the workshops for [[Craft|craftsmen]], established by [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], started from [[Akbar|Akbar's]] reign. |
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Karkhana is a [[Hindustani language]] word that means [[factory]]. These Karkhanas were small manufacturing units for various materials and art and crafts. Karkhanas have been named for several materials, from textiles to arms and weapons. For example, Imperial or Royal Karkhanas were for luxury goods and arms, Rangkhana for dyeing, etc. The Karkhanas was the place for various production activities and exploring new ideas. Some operations were combined under one roof, such as [[weaving]], [[embroidery]] work, [[brocade]] work, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Tripta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ |
Karkhana is a [[Hindustani language]] word that means [[factory]]. These Karkhanas were small manufacturing units for various materials and art and crafts. Karkhanas have been named for several materials, from textiles to arms and weapons. For example, Imperial or Royal Karkhanas were for luxury goods and arms, Rangkhana for dyeing, etc. The Karkhanas was the place for various production activities and exploring new ideas. Some operations were combined under one roof, such as [[weaving]], [[embroidery]] work, [[brocade]] work, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Tripta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ&q=Mughal+karkhanas|title=Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development|date=1994|publisher=Pragati Publications|isbn=978-81-7307-021-1|location=|pages=34|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|=Raychaudhuri|=Tapan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|last3=Kumar|first3=Dharma|last4=Habib|first4=Professor Emeritus History Irfan|last5=Desai|first5=Meghnad|date=1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-22692-9|location=|pages=180|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snZDAAAAYAAJ|title=Young India|date=1929|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House|isbn=|location=|pages=303|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saxena|first=Rajendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbtAAAAMAAJ&q=Mughal+karkhanas|title=Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars: A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana|date=2002|publisher=Publication Scheme|isbn=978-81-86782-75-0|location=|pages=16, 20, 159|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Sumbul Halim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcaHrgEACAAJ|title=Art and Craft Workshops Under the Mughals: A Study of Jaipur Karkhanas|date=2015|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-84082-30-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Seth|first=Vijay K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buI3DwAAQBAJ|title=The Story of Indian Manufacturing: Encounters with the Mughal and British Empires (1498 -1947)|date=2017-09-29|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-5574-4|location=|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Karkhanas == |
== Karkhanas == |
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=== Textiles === |
=== Textiles === |
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Various kinds of [[cotton]], [[silk]] and [[woolen]] textile [[piece goods]] were produced in Kharkhanas,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Tripta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ |
Various kinds of [[cotton]], [[silk]] and [[woolen]] textile [[piece goods]] were produced in Kharkhanas,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Tripta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ&q=Textiles+in+Mughal+Karkhanas|title=Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development|date=1994|publisher=Pragati Publications|isbn=978-81-7307-021-1|location=|pages=109, 68, 2|language=en}}</ref> Rangkhana were textile dyeing Karkhanas. Ain mentions various cloths with [[Zari]] work [[brocade]], [[Embroidery of India|Embroidery]] from Gujrat, and Bengal. |
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[[Khasa (cloth)|Khasa]], [[Bafta cloth|Bafta]], Gangejal, are few fabrics registered there.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubārak|first=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Isx7NqZZHEC |
[[Khasa (cloth)|Khasa]], [[Bafta cloth|Bafta]], Gangejal, are few fabrics registered there.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubārak|first=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Isx7NqZZHEC|title=The Ain I Akbari|date=1873|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|language=en}}</ref> |
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[[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] wrote that ‘Karkrone’ is the house of the royal manufactories where fine carpets of gold, silver, silk and wool together with gold and silver brocade, velvet, taffeta, bafta, patolas and other such fabrics are made. Tavernier also mentions that Indian calico was exported in enormous quantities to all parts of the world.<ref>Tavernier, Travels In India, tr., V. Ball, ed., W. Crooke, Vol. II., London, 1925, pp. 4, 5. 6.</ref> |
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== Wages == |
== Wages == |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Mughal Empire]] |
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Revision as of 15:13, 2 January 2021
Mughal Karkhanas (Karkhana, Karkana kārakhānā, Qur khana,कारखाना, کارخانہ) were the workshops for craftsmen, established by Mughals, started from Akbar's reign.
Karkhana is a Hindustani language word that means factory. These Karkhanas were small manufacturing units for various materials and art and crafts. Karkhanas have been named for several materials, from textiles to arms and weapons. For example, Imperial or Royal Karkhanas were for luxury goods and arms, Rangkhana for dyeing, etc. The Karkhanas was the place for various production activities and exploring new ideas. Some operations were combined under one roof, such as weaving, embroidery work, brocade work, etc.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Karkhanas
As per Ain- there were 36 classified Karkhanas.[7]Karkhanas were maintained by the state, nobles, mansabdars, and zamindars. Notedly, one noble Bakhtawar established Karkhanas at Delhi, Agra, Lahore, and Buharanpur.[2]
Weapons
Royal or imperial Karkhanas were producing 69 kind of items icluding heavy guns, armours, and various types of swords, daggers, spears and lances etc.[6]
Guns
Narnals, Ganzals.
Swords
Khasa, Kotal, Jamadhar, Yakbandi and Khapwas.
Armours
For soldiers, horses and elephants.[6]
Textiles
Various kinds of cotton, silk and woolen textile piece goods were produced in Kharkhanas,[8] Rangkhana were textile dyeing Karkhanas. Ain mentions various cloths with Zari work brocade, Embroidery from Gujrat, and Bengal.
Khasa, Bafta, Gangejal, are few fabrics registered there.[9]
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier wrote that ‘Karkrone’ is the house of the royal manufactories where fine carpets of gold, silver, silk and wool together with gold and silver brocade, velvet, taffeta, bafta, patolas and other such fabrics are made. Tavernier also mentions that Indian calico was exported in enormous quantities to all parts of the world.[10]
Wages
Wages were paid to artisans and labor on a daily basis, and only regular employees, whether craftsmen or domestic servants, received their pay monthly. The wages of skilled workers were more in Imperial Karkhanas. As described in the Ain-i-Akbari(c.1595), which is an official account of the Mughal Empire, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak explained the detailed wages for all such categories, stated invariably in copper coins when daily rates are quoted. [2]
See also
References
- ^ Verma, Tripta (1994). Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development. Pragati Publications. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-7307-021-1.
- ^ a b c Raychaudhuri, Tapan; Habib, Irfan; Kumar, Dharma; Habib, Professor Emeritus History Irfan; Desai, Meghnad (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750. CUP Archive. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9.
- ^ Young India. Navajivan Publishing House. 1929. p. 303.
- ^ Saxena, Rajendra Kumar (2002). Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars: A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana. Publication Scheme. pp. 16, 20, 159. ISBN 978-81-86782-75-0.
- ^ Khan, Sumbul Halim (2015). Art and Craft Workshops Under the Mughals: A Study of Jaipur Karkhanas. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-84082-30-7.
- ^ a b c Seth, Vijay K. (2017-09-29). The Story of Indian Manufacturing: Encounters with the Mughal and British Empires (1498 -1947). Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-981-10-5574-4.
- ^ ''The Ain separately describes 26 of the karkhanas and indirectly or briefly refers to 10 others making a total of 36 . ... Classified List of Karkhanas The Mughal karkhanas as enumerated in the Zawabit'' Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A ... - Page 20books.google.co.in › books Tripta Verma · 1994 ·
- ^ Verma, Tripta (1994). Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development. Pragati Publications. pp. 109, 68, 2. ISBN 978-81-7307-021-1.
- ^ Mubārak, Abū al-Faz̤l ibn (1873). The Ain I Akbari. Asiatic Society of Bengal.
- ^ Tavernier, Travels In India, tr., V. Ball, ed., W. Crooke, Vol. II., London, 1925, pp. 4, 5. 6.