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Indonesian Air Force's history
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'''Indonesian War of Independence/The Netherlands Policionil Action (1945-1949)'''
'''Indonesian War of Independence/The Netherlands Policionil Action (1945-1949)'''


After the Japanese surrendered at the end of WW II, Indonesian nationalist leader Soekarno declared Indonesian Independence on August 17th, 1945. Several days later, a People Security Force (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was formed to undertake security duties. The Air Division of this force was also formed, using ex-Japanese planes scattered everywhere, especially in the island of Java, included Bugis Air Base in Malang (situated in 18 September 1945). The most numerous of these airplanes were the Kawanishi K5Y1 ''Willow'' trainers, which were hastily used to train newly recruited cadets. At the time of the founding, there was only 1 Indonesian holding a multi-engine pilot licence from the pre-war Dutch Flying School (but never had any opportunity to fly during the 3.5-year Japanese occupation). He was assisted by a few Japanese pilots who decided to stay in the newly born country. The new roundel was created simply by painting white on the lower part of the Japanese Hinomaru, reflecting the red & white of Indonesian flag. The People Security Force was then re-organized to form a formal armed force. This marked the birth of the Indonesian Air Force on April 9th, 1946. However, tensions rose as the Dutch tried to re-claim her former colony and launched an assault in July 21st, 1947, destroying most of the planes on the ground. Some planes survived though and were hidden in remote bases.
After the Japanese surrendered at the end of WW II, Indonesian nationalist leader Soekarno declared Indonesian Independence on August 17th, 1945. Several days later, a People Security Force (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was formed to undertake security duties. The Air Division of this force was also formed, using ex-Japanese planes scattered everywhere, especially in the island of Java, included Bugis Air Base in Malang (situated in 18 September 1945). The most numerous of these airplanes were the Kawanishi K5Y1 ''Willow'' trainers, which were hastily used to train newly recruited cadets. At the time of the founding, there was only 1 Indonesian holding a multi-engine pilot licence from the pre-war Dutch Flying School (but never had any opportunity to fly during the 3.5-year Japanese occupation). He was assisted by a few Japanese pilots who decided to stay in the newly born country. The new roundel was created simply by painting white on the lower part of the Japanese Hinomaru, reflecting the red & white of Indonesian flag. The People Security Force was then re-organized to form a formal armed force. This marked the birth of the Indonesian Air Force on April 9th, 1946. However, tensions rose as the Dutch tried to re-claim her former colony and launched an assault in July 21st, 1947, destroying most of the planes on the ground. Some planes survived though and were hidden in remote bases.


July 29th, 1947 marked the first air operation by the newborn air force as 3 surviving aircrafts comprising 2 Kawanishi K5Y1 ''Willows'' (Curen) and a Mitsubishi Ki-51 ''Sonia'' (the fourth aircraft, a Nakajima Ki-43 ''Oscar'' (Hayabusha), should also be involved in the raid, but until the time the raid was launched, the aircraft never reached airworthy condition) conducted air raids at dawn on Dutch Army barracks in 3 cities of Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa, dropping incendiary bombs. Tactically, these raids did not have any effect on the Dutch positions, but psychologically it was a great success as it proved that the Indonesian Air Force still exists. The Dutch had previously claimed the destruction of Indonesian Air Force in their assault before and they never expected any attack from the sky.
July 29th, 1947 marked the first air operation by the newborn air force as 3 surviving aircrafts comprising 2 Kawanishi K5Y1 ''Willows'' (Curen) and a Mitsubishi Ki-51 ''Sonia'' (the fourth aircraft, a Nakajima Ki-43 ''Oscar'' (Hayabusha), should also be involved in the raid, but until the time the raid was launched, the aircraft never reached airworthy condition) conducted air raids at dawn on Dutch Army barracks in 3 cities of Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa, dropping incendiary bombs. Tactically, these raids did not have any effect on the Dutch positions, but psychologically it was a great success as it proved that the Indonesian Air Force still exists. The Dutch had previously claimed the destruction of Indonesian Air Force in their assault before and they never expected any attack from the sky.

Revision as of 17:14, 2 June 2007

Military of Indonesia
Flag of Indonesia
Personnel
Available for
military service		60,543,028, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Fit for
military service		48,687,234, age 18–49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		2,201,047 (2005 est.)
Expenditure
Budget$1.3 billion (2004)
Percent of GDP3%

Indonesia's armed forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, abbreviated as TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, abbreviated as ABRI) total about 361,823 members, including the Army (TNI-AD), Navy(including marines) (TNI-AL), and Air Force (TNI-AU). The army is by far the largest, with about 276,953 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget is only 3% of GDP but is supplemented by revenue from many military-run businesses and foundations.

Air Chief Marshal Djoko Suyanto is the Commander-in-Chief.

The Indonesian National Police were for many years a branch of the armed forces. The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000. With 150,000 personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The total number of national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.

Following the 2004 tsunami in Aceh the American government suspended the spare parts embargo for non-lethal equipment and military vehicles to support the humanitarian effort in the tsunami-devastated Indonesian regions of Aceh and Nias.

On 22 November 2005, the U.S. announced that military ties with Indonesia would be restored. The decision would end the six-year U.S. ban on arms sales. [1]

By cooperating with local military equipment manufacturers such as Pindad and Hoverindo Nusa Persada, the Indonesian military is now capable of manufacturing its own military equipment, which mostly ranges in areas of small arms and a type of tactical Infantry Fighting Vehicle such as Barracuda due to Indonesia's inability to master more advanced and larger weaponry such as armor, air and naval units.

Political role of the military

During the Suharto era, the military was sometimes said to have a "dual function" (dwifungsi) in Indonesia; first, it would preserve the internal and external security of the country, preserving it as a unified nation, and second, it would ensure that government policy followed a path that the military leadership felt was wise.

This justified substantial military interference in politics. Long-time president Suharto was an army general, and was strongly supported by most of the military establishment. Traditionally a significant number of cabinet members had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the parliament. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions.

Indonesia has not had a substantial conflict with its neighbours since the 1963-1965 confrontation with Malaysia, although competing South China Sea claims, where Indonesia has large natural gas reserves, concern the Indonesian government. Without a credible external threat in the region, the military's primary role in practice has been to assure internal security. Military leaders now say they wish to transform the military to a professional, external security force but acknowledge that the armed forces will continue to play an internal security role for some time.

In the post-Suharto period since 1998, civilian and military leaders have advocated removing the military from politics (for example, the military's representatives in parliament have been much reduced), but the military's political influence remains extensive. The TNI has been notorious since the alleged massacre of pro-communist ethnic Chinese in 1965-6 and the East Timor Crisis, which in both events, the TNI allegedly neglected and killed hundreds and thousands of people.

Army

Estimated strength 276,953


The Army's equipments

Tanks:100 x T-90S Shtora (received from Russia), 275 x AMX-13, 90 x FV101 Scorpion (most with 90mm guns), 30 x PT-76, 20 x BMP-3F, 50 x AMX-10P/PAC-90 (Both are Used by Marine Corps)

Armoured Unit and Armored Personnel Carriers:40 x Alvis Stormer AVLB, 200 x Commando Ranger, 78 x Alvis Saladin, 55 x Ferret armoured car, 28 x Commando Scout, 50 x Commando Stormer, 200 x AMX-VCI MICV, 182 x AMX-VTT, 55 x Alvis Saracen (14 upgraded), 58 x V-150 Commando, 130 x BTR-40S (Modified), 50 x Renault VAB, 25 x BTR-50, 18 x Panhard VBL, 12 x BTR-80A

Self-Propelled Artillery: 40 x 105mm howitzer, 50 x AMX FV MK61 105 mm

Towed Artillery: 76mm: 50 x M48 guns/howitzers; 105 mm: 170 x M-101, 10 x M-56; 155mm: field howitzer (FH) 88

Mortars: 875 x 81mm, 800 x 120mm, 75 x Brandt

Recoilless Rifles: 90 x M-67 90 mm, 45 x M-40A1 105 mm ; 700 x LRAC (Anti armor) 88 mm

Anti-Aircraft Guns: 125 x Rheinmetal 20 mm, 90 x Bofors L70 , 200 x S-60 57 mm, 20x ZSU-23-4 Shilka 23 mm

Surface to Air Missile: 51 x Rapier missile with Blindfire tracking radar, 42 x RBS-70 MANPADS, 41 x QW-3 Vanguard (Used by Indonesian Air Force Korpaskhas), Sea Cat SAM & Mistral SAM (Both are used by Indonesian Navy)

Anti Ship Missiles: 40 x MM38/39 Exocet, 40 x RGM-84 Harpoon, 50 x P-800 Oniks/Yakhont (All used by Indonesian Navy)

Anti-Tank Weapons: RPG-7V, Armbrust, Carl Gustav recoilless rifle, LRAC 89

Engineer Vehicles: AMX-13 ARV, VT-55A (T-54/55) ARV, AMX-13 AVLB, Stormer HMLC

Unarmored Vehicles: Steyr 700 AP, Nissan Q4W73, DAF YA 400, Land Rover LWB, M-151 Jeep, Leyland 4000 kg, Unimog trucks, Steyr 680M, Bedford MK, Steyr 17M29, Cakra FAV, Flyer FAV, Casspir (Used By Kopassus)

Other:12 x NDL-40 77 mm (built by PTDI) , 6x RM-70 Grad 122 mm (Used by Marine corps) , 24 BM-14 140 mm

Aircraft inventory

The Army operates 85 aircraft, including 73 helicopters.

Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service[2] ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes |----- | Aero Commander ||  United States || utility transport || 680 || 3 || |----- | Bell 47 ||  United States || utility helicopter || 47G || 10 || |----- | Bell 205 ||  United States || utility helicopter || 205A-1 || 10 || |-----

| Bell 412 ||  United States || transport helicopter || 412

412SP || 14

14 ||

|----- | Britten-Norman Islander ||  United Kingdom || utility transport || BN-2A || 1 || |----- | CASA C-212 Aviocar ||  Spain || tactical transport || || 2 || |----- | Cessna 310 ||  United States || utility transport || || 4 || |----- | Douglas DC-3 ||  United States || tactical transport || C-47 || 2 || |----- | Eurocopter Bo 105 ||  Indonesia || utility helicopter || || 17 || built by IPTN |----- | Mil Mi-35 ||  Russia || attack helicopter || || 7 || |----- | Schweizer 300 ||  United States || utility helicopter || 300C || 6 || |}

Personnel of the Indonesian Navy is estimated at 57,197. The Indonesian Navy purchased a number of ships of the former East German navy in the 1990s. Navy vessels include KRI Cobra and others. In 2006, Indonesian Navy purchased 2 Kilo class conventional submarines from and 20 BMP-3F amphibious light tank with option of 100 more BMP-3 from Russia. Indonesian Navy also purchased 8 Mi-2 (now based in Surabaya), but there are still only 2 arrive due to problems with Indonesian Navy Agencies. Indonesian plan to buy landing craft ships from Russia.

All the Navy Vessel are named with KRI Initial. KRI (Kapal Republik Indonesia) means The Navy Vessel Of The Republic Of Indonesia.


FRIGATES:

  1. 331 KRI Martha Kristina Tiyahahu
  2. 332 KRI Wilhelmus Zakarias Yohanes
  3. 342 KRI Martadinata
  4. 344 KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai
  5. 351 KRI Ahmad Yani
  6. 352 KRI Slamet Riyadi
  7. 353 KRI Yos Sudarso
  8. 354 KRI Oswald Siahaan
  9. 355 KRI Halim Perdanakususma
  10. 356 KRI Karel Satsuit Tubun


CORVETTES:

  1. 361 KRI Fatahillah
  2. 362 KRI Malahayati
  3. 363 KRI Nala
  4. 364 KRI Ki Hajar Dewantara (War Training]
  5. 365 KRI Diponegoro [active Jul 07]
  6. 366 KRI Hasanudin [active Nov 07]
  7. 367 KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda [active Sep 08]
  8. 368 KRI Frans Kaisiepo [active Mar 09]
  9. 371 KRI Pattimura
  10. 372 KRI Untung Suropati
  11. 373 KRI Nuku
  12. 374 KRI Lambung Mangkurat (Ex-East German Navy Parchim Class Corvette)
  13. 375 KRI Cut Nya Dhien (Ex-East German Navy Parchim Class Corvette)
  14. 376 KRI Sultan Taha Syaifudin (Ex-East German Navy Parchim Class Corvette)
  15. 377 KRI Sutanto
  16. 378 KRI Sutedi Senoputra
  17. 379 KRI Wiratno
  18. 380 KRI Memet Sastrawiria
  19. 381 KRI Tjiptadi
  20. 382 KRI Hasan Basri
  21. 383 KRI Imam Bonjol (Ex-East German Navy Parchim Class Corvette)
  22. 384 KRI Pati Unus
  23. 385 KRI Teuku Umar
  24. 386 KRI Silas Papare


SUBMARINES:

  1. 401 KRI Cakra
  2. 402 KRI Nanggala
  3. 403 & 404 is now in production (Kilo Class - 636)


FAST ATTACK CRAFTS:

  1. 621 KRI Mandau
  2. 622 KRI Rencong
  3. 623 KRI Badik
  4. 624 KRI Keris
  5. 650 KRI Andau
  6. 651 KRI Singa
  7. 652 KRI Tongkak
  8. 653 KRI Ajak
  9. 801 KRI Pandrong (Made By PT. PAL)
  10. 802 KRI Sura
  11. 803 KRI Todak (Made By PT. PAL)
  12. 804 KRI Hiu (Made By PT. PAL)
  13. 805 KRI Layang (Made By PT. PAL)
  14. 806 KRI Lemadang (Made By PT. PAL, Launched 19 April 2002)
  15. 807 KRI Boa
  16. 808 KRI Welang
  17. 809 KRI Suluh Pari
  18. 810 KRI Katon
  19. 811 KRI Kakap
  20. 812 KRI Kerapu
  21. 813 KRI Tongkol
  22. 814 KRI Barakuda
  23. 815 KRI Sanca
  24. 816 KRI Warakas
  25. 817 KRI Panana
  26. 818 KRI Kalakai
  27. 819 KRI Tedong Naga
  28. 820 KRI Viper (Launched 19 April 2002)
  29. 821 KRI Piton (Launched 19 April 2002)
  30. 822 KRI Weling (Launched 19 April 2002)
  31. 847 KRI Sibarau (Bought From Australia 16 November 1973. Real Name HMAS Bandolier - P 95)
  32. 848 KRI Siliman (Bought From Australia 21 Mei 1974. Real Name HMAS Archer - P 86)
  33. 857 KRI Sigalu (Bought From Australia 22 April 1983. Real Name HMAS Barricade - P 98)
  34. 858 KRI Silea (Bought From Australia 6 Mei 1983. Real Name HMAS Acute - P 81)
  35. 859 KRI Siribua (Bought From Australia 12 September 1983. Real Name HMAS Bombard - P 99)
  36. 861 KRI Waigeo
  37. 862 KRI Siada
  38. 863 KRI Sikuda (Bought From Australia 21 Februari 1985. Real Name HMAS Attack - P 90)
  39. 864 KRI Sigurot (Bought From Australia 18 Oktober 1985. Real Name HMAS Assail - P 89)
  40. 865 KRI Tenggiri
  41. 866 KRI Cucut
  42. 867 KRI Kobra
  43. 868 KRI Anakonda
  44. 869 KRI Patola
  45. 870 KRI Taliwangsa


MINESWEEPERS:

  1. 701 KRI Pulau Ratewo
  2. 711 KRI Pulau Rengat
  3. 712 KRI Pulau Rupat
  4. 721 KRI Pulau Rote (also used for Survey Hydro)
  5. 722 KRI Pulau Raas
  6. 723 KRI Pulau Romang (also used for Survey Hydro)
  7. 724 KRI Pulau Rimau (Ex-East German Navy Condor Class)
  8. 725 KRI Pulau Rondo
  9. 726 KRI Pulau Rusa (Ex-East German Navy Condor Class)
  10. 727 KRI Pulau Rangsang (Ex-East German Navy Condor Class)
  11. 728 KRI Pulau Raibu (Ex-East German Navy Condor Class)
  12. 729 KRI Pulau Rempang (also used for Survey Hydro)


LANDING TRANSPORT SHIPS:

  1. 501 KRI Teluk Langsa
  2. 502 KRI Teluk Bayur
  3. 503 KRI Teluk Amboina
  4. 504 KRI Teluk Kau
  5. 508 KRI Teluk Tomini
  6. 509 KRI Teluk Ratai
  7. 510 KRI Teluk Saleh
  8. 511 KRI Teluk Bone
  9. 512 KRI Teluk Semangka
  10. 513 KRI Teluk Penyu
  11. 514 KRI Teluk Mandar
  12. 515 KRI Teluk Sampit
  13. 516 KRI Teluk Banten
  14. 517 KRI Teluk Ende
  15. 531 KRI Teluk Gilimanuk (Ex-East German Navy LST Frosch Class)
  16. 532 KRI Teluk Celukan Bawang (Ex-East German Navy LST Frosch Class)
  17. 533 KRI Teluk Cendrawasih
  18. 534 KRI Teluk Berau
  19. 535 KRI Teluk Peleng
  20. 536 KRI Teluk Sibolga
  21. 537 KRI Teluk Manado
  22. 538 KRI Teluk Hading (Ex-East German Navy LST Frosch Class)
  23. 539 KRI Teluk Parigi
  24. 540 KRI Teluk Lampung
  25. 541 KRI Teluk Jakarta (Ex-East German Navy LST Frosch Class)
  26. 542 KRI Teluk Sangkulirang (Ex-East German Navy LST Frosch Class)
  27. 543 KRI Teluk Cirebon
  28. 544 KRI Teluk Sabang


SUPPORT VESSELS:

  1. 548 KRI Nusa Utara
  2. 561 KRI Multatuli
  3. 582 KRI Kupang
  4. 583 KRI Dili
  5. 590 KRI Makassar (Landing Platform Dock)
  6. 901 Balikpapan (Coastal Tanker)
  7. 902 KRI Sambu (Coastal Tanker)
  8. 903 KRI Arun (Light Fleet Oiler)
  9. 906 KRI Sungai Gerong
  10. 911 KRI Sorong (Light Fleet Oiler)
  11. 923 KRI Soputan (Fleet Tug)
  12. 924 KRI Leuser (Fleet Tug)
  13. 931 KRI Burudjulasad (Survey)
  14. 932 KRI Dewa Kembar (Survey Hydro)
  15. 933 KRI Jalanidhi (Survey)
  16. 961 KRI Wagio
  17. 971 KRI Tanjung Kambani
  18. 972 KRI Tanjung Dalpele (Landing Platform Dock - Command)
  19. 973 KRI Tanjung Nusanive (Ex-KM Kambuna)
  20. 974 KRI Tanjung Fatagar (Ex-KM Rinjani)
  21. 981 KRI Karang Pilang (Ex-KFC (Kapal Feri Cepat) Ambulu from PT.ASDP Indonesia Ferri (Persero) at 15 September 2005)
  22. 982 KRI Karang Tekok (Ex-KFC Mahakam; 7 April 2006)
  23. 983 KRI Karang Banteng (Ex-KFC Serayu; 7 April 2006)
  24. 984 KRI Karang Galang (Ex-KFC Cisadane; 7 April 2006)
  25. 985 KRI Karang Unarang (Ex-KFC Barito; 7 April 2006)


TRAINING SHIPS:

  1. KRI Arung Samudera
  2. KRI Dewaruci

Aircraft inventory

The Navy operates 75 aircraft, including 23 helicopters. Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service[2] ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes |----- | Bell 412 ||  United States || transport helicopter || || 3 || |-----

| CASA C-212 Aviocar ||  Spain

 Indonesia || tactical transport || C-212

NC-212 || 8

3 || NC-212 built by IPTN

|----- | CASA CN-235 ||  Indonesia || tactical transport || || 8 || built by IPTN |----- | De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo ||  Canada || tactical transport || DHC-5D || 2 || |----- | Eurocopter Bo 105 ||  Indonesia || utility helicopter || Bo 105C || 8 || |----- | Eurocopter Cougar ||  Indonesia || transport helicopter || AS 332F || 12 || |----- | GAF Nomad ||  Australia || utility || || 21 || |----- | Piper PA-34 ||  United States || utility || || 4 || |----- | Piper PA-38 ||  United States || utility || PA-38-112 || 6 || |}

Air Force

Personnel of the Indonesian Air Force total 27,673.

Before Indonesian Independence (1941-1945)

After World War II ended, Indonesia known as the second country in South East Asia which have an Air Force. Indonesian guerillas pilot struggle against their colonial in Policionil Action of The Nederlands during 1945-1949 with their ex-Japan aircraft left in Indonesia and also several Netherland East Indies Air Force's aircraft (including Curtiss P-36 Mohawk, Brewster F2A Buffalo and Fokker D.XXI fighters; Glenn Martin B-10 bombers; Fokker C.X reconnaissance floatplane) left before the colonialization of Japan in 1941. Some young Indonesian cadets also made a biplane powered by Harley Davidson motor engine, WEL RI-XX. They used it as a trainer plane.

Indonesian War of Independence/The Netherlands Policionil Action (1945-1949)

After the Japanese surrendered at the end of WW II, Indonesian nationalist leader Soekarno declared Indonesian Independence on August 17th, 1945. Several days later, a People Security Force (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was formed to undertake security duties. The Air Division of this force was also formed, using ex-Japanese planes scattered everywhere, especially in the island of Java, included Bugis Air Base in Malang (situated in 18 September 1945). The most numerous of these airplanes were the Kawanishi K5Y1 Willow (Curen) trainers, which were hastily used to train newly recruited cadets. At the time of the founding, there was only 1 Indonesian holding a multi-engine pilot licence from the pre-war Dutch Flying School (but never had any opportunity to fly during the 3.5-year Japanese occupation). He was assisted by a few Japanese pilots who decided to stay in the newly born country. The new roundel was created simply by painting white on the lower part of the Japanese Hinomaru, reflecting the red & white of Indonesian flag. The People Security Force was then re-organized to form a formal armed force. This marked the birth of the Indonesian Air Force on April 9th, 1946. However, tensions rose as the Dutch tried to re-claim her former colony and launched an assault in July 21st, 1947, destroying most of the planes on the ground. Some planes survived though and were hidden in remote bases.

July 29th, 1947 marked the first air operation by the newborn air force as 3 surviving aircrafts comprising 2 Kawanishi K5Y1 Willows (Curen) and a Mitsubishi Ki-51 Sonia (the fourth aircraft, a Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar (Hayabusha), should also be involved in the raid, but until the time the raid was launched, the aircraft never reached airworthy condition) conducted air raids at dawn on Dutch Army barracks in 3 cities of Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa, dropping incendiary bombs. Tactically, these raids did not have any effect on the Dutch positions, but psychologically it was a great success as it proved that the Indonesian Air Force still exists. The Dutch had previously claimed the destruction of Indonesian Air Force in their assault before and they never expected any attack from the sky.



Indonesian guerillas, young cadets and pilots also captured other ex-Japanese aircrafts, such as Aichi B7A Grace (Ryusei) (torpedo bomber), Aichi D3A Val (dive bomber), Aichi E13A Jake (reconnaissance floatplane), Kawanishi H6K Mavis (reconnaissance flying boat), Mitsubishi G3M Nell (medium bomber), Mitsubishi G4M Betty (medium bomber), Mitsubishi Ki-21 Sally/Gwen (medium bomber) and Nakajima B5N Kate (torpedo and level bomber). But, most aircrafts destroyed by Netherland's bombers raids and fighters during the war. Luckily, several Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Reisen) saved in remote area even no one of this type of aircraft reached airworthy condition. Later, most A6M2 removed to Kalijati Air Base (near Subang, West Java) and one plane saved in Museum Dirgantara Mandala, Yogyakarta.



With the pressure from the United Nations, the Dutch finally agreed to acknowledge Indonesian independence and a peace treaty was signed in 1949, ending the confrontation. The Dutch armed forces left (except in Papua, where they stayed until 1963) and the airplanes were surrendered to the Indonesians. These comprised of, among others, North American P-51 Mustang, North American B-25 Mitchell, Douglas A-26 Invader, Douglas C-47 Dakota and Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina, which served as the main forces of the Indonesian Air Force for the following decade. During this era, Indonesia received her first jet aircraft; De Havilland DH-115 Vampire. It was also during this era that the national roundels were changed to red & white pentagon.

Indonesian Air Force also received other ex-Netherland aircrafts, such as, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and Kittyhawk, Vought F4U Corsair and Supermarine Spitfire. Unfortunately, most of them were unable to reach service with Indonesia Air Force because of the plane's bad condition. Later, P-40,F4U and Spitfire removed to Kalijati Air Base (near Subang, West Java).



The Golden Era of Soviet Influence (1962-1965)

The rise of the communist party in Indonesia has drawn Indonesia closer to the Eastern Block. Several Soviet-built aircraft began to arrive in the early 60’s. Indonesia even became the first non-Soviet country to receive and operate the new Tu-16 Badger bombers. Up to 25 Tu-16 Badgers arrived and gave a great deterrent power when facing some rebellions and confrontations. Several kinds of MiG also arrived comprising MiG-15UTI Fagot, MiG-17F/PF Fresco, MiG-19S Farmer and MiG-21F-13 Fishbed, supported with Il-28 Beagle, Mi-4 Hound, Mi-6 Hook and An-12 Cub.Indonesia also received La-11. Some Tu-2 from China also arrived, intended to replace the B-25, but sadly they never reached operational status. These aircraft served along with the remaining western aircraft such as B-25 Mitchell, A-26 Invader, C-47 Dakota, and P-51 Mustang. It was during this period that the Indonesian Air Force became the largest air force in the southern hemisphere. This era also marked the last confrontation with the Dutch in Papua, before the Dutch, again under pressure of the United Nations, finally left Indonesia in 1963.



The Coup of G-30S/PKI and The Fallen of Soekarno (1966-1970)

The coup lead by PKI (Communist Party of Indonesia/Partai Komunis Indonesia) in 1965 changed everything and a new anti-communist regime from Army Corps, led by Lieutenant Colonel Suharto, took power. Ties with the Eastern block countries were cut, and thus support and spare parts for the planes became short. By the early 70’s most of the Eastern block planes are either grounded or scrapped. The largest air force in the southern hemisphere slowly but sure became one of the smallest one.


Newborn of Indonesian Air Force (1970-1980)

Indonesia recovered soon by received ex-Royal Australian Air Force's North American F-86 Sabre to replace their bulky MiG-21F-13 Fishbed.



Indonesia then purchased BAe Hawk Mk 53 from United Kingdom in 1970's era.



The Great Influence of Western Product (1980-1998)

Indonesia received 25 ex-Israeli A-4 Skyhawks in 1981. In 1982, Indonesia purchased 12 Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II from United States to replace their North American F-86 Sabre. After a tight competition for a new fighter bomber with Dassault Mirage 2000 from France during 1986 to 1988 (especially after Indonesian Air Show in 1986), Indonesia bought 12 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Block 15 OCU as a new fighter to strengthen Indonesian Air Force in 1989. Until now, 10 F-16A and F-16B still in service with Indonesian Air Force, 2 planes crashed in two different accidents. Indonesian Air Force bought BAe Hawk Mk 209 in 1990's era.



Facing Back to Non Western Product, Indonesian Air Force Today (1998-until now)

In 2005 the Indonesian Air Force experienced a logistics crisis, especially in regard to the F-16 Fighting Falcons and A-4 Skyhawks that account for almost 80% of the total number of Indonesian combat aircraft. The supply of spare parts for these aircraft from the United States was stopped due to an embargo imposed on Indonesia following a number of violations against civil and human rights in East Timor. This led to the grounding of most of the Western-made fighter.

In response to this embargo, in 2003 the Indonesian Air Force bought two Sukhoi Aerospace Su-27 Flankers and two Sukhoi Aerospace Su-30 Flanker-Ds from KnAAPO, Russia. Indonesian Air Force only know 4 types of missile, first, it was the AS-1 Kennel (KS-1 Kometa), AIM-9 Sidewinder, AGM-65 Maverick and AA-2 Atoll (Vympel K-13). In the future, Indonesia will purchase more advance air-to-air missile, such as AA-10 Alamo (Vympel R-27), AA-11 Archer (Vympel R-73), AA-12 Adder (Vympel R-77) and other air-to-ground missiles, general purpose bombs and cluster bombs from Russia, to strengthen their 5 Su-27SK and 5 Su-30MK2.



In 2006, The Indonesian Air force has agreed to purchase three Sukhoi Aerospace Su-27SKM Flankers, three Sukhoi Aerospace Su-30MK2 Flanker-Ds From KnAAPO and 5 Mil Mi-35 Attack helicopters from Rosoboronexport.



In order to modernize their F-16A/B, Indonesian Air Force also plan to upgrade their F-16 version to F-16C/D variants. Indonesian Air Force also plan to replace their OV-10F Bronco, F-5E/F Tiger II and BAe Hawk Mk-53 before 2008 with new planes. The competitors for those planes are still in evaluation, such as K-8 Karakorum from China, Yakovlev Yak-130 from Russia, Aermacchi MB-339A from Brazil and L-159 Alca from Czech Republic to replace their Hawk Mk-53; Embraer EMB-314 Super Tucano from Brazil and KO-1 (Armed KT-1) from South Korea to replace their OV-10F Bronco. As a replacement for Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II, military analyst predict that they will evaluate F-16C/D Block 50/52 from USA, SAAB JAS 39C/D Gripen from Sweden, A-50 from South Korea, Chengdu J-10 (import as F-10 Vanguard) from China and other products from Russia.

Indonesian Air Force also plan to modernize their C-130A and C-130B Hercules to C-130J variants and will purchase C-130J Hercules before 2020.



Military analyst also predict that Indonesian Air Force will need more than 50 units of Su-27s variants (Su-27SKM, Su-30MKI as a refurbished variant of Su-30 to replace their F-16A/B if necessary and Su-30MK2) and they will modernize their Su-27s as strong as Chinese, Indian and Malaysian Su-27's and Su-30's requirement (with thrust vector control (TVC) making it as superior as any variants of F-15 Eagle, canard and etc).

Aircraft inventory

The Air Force operates 250 aircraft, over 70 combat jets and 63 helicopters.

Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service[2] ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes |----- | Aermacchi SF-260 ||  Italy || trainer || SF-260W || 15 || |----- | Aérospatiale Puma ||  Indonesia || transport helicopter || SA 330J || 12 || built by PTDI |----- | Mil Mi-17 Hip ||  Russia || transport helicopter || Mi-17-V5 || 10 || |-----

| BAE Hawk ||  United Kingdom || trainer/light fighter || Hawk 53

Hawk 109

Hawk 209 || 16

8

24 ||

|----- | Beechcraft T-34 Mentor ||  United States || trainer || T-34C || 19 || |-----

| Boeing 737 ||  United States || special missions || 737-200

737-200 Adv || 3

1 ||

|----- | CASA C-212 Aviocar ||  Spain || tactical transport || || 12 || |----- | CASA CN-235 ||  Indonesia || tactical transport || || 12 || built by PTDI |----- | Cessna 207 ||  United States || utility || T207 || 5 || |----- | Cessna 401 ||  United States || utility transport || 401A || 5 || |----- | Cessna 402 ||  United States || utility transport || || 2 || |----- | de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo ||  Canada || tactical transport || DHC-5D || 3 || |----- | Eurocopter Colibri ||  Europe || utility helicopter || EC 120B || 12 || |-----

| Eurocopter Cougar ||  Indonesia || transport helicopter || AS 332

AS 332L

AS 322TT || 3

2

5 || built by PTDI

|----- | FFA AS-202 Bravo ||  Switzerland || trainer || || 32 || |----- | Fokker F27 Friendship ||  Netherlands || tactical transport || F27-400M || 6 || |-----

| Fokker F28 Fellowship ||  Netherlands || transport || F28-1000

F28-3000 || 1

2 ||

|----- | Korean Aerospace KT-1 ||  South Korea || trainer || || 12 || |-----

| Lockheed C-130 Hercules ||  United States || tactical transport || C-130B

C-130H

C-130H-30

KC-130B

L-100-20

L-100-30 || 8

1

1

2

1

1 ||

|-----

| Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon ||  United States || fighter || F-16A

F-16B || 8

4 ||

|----- | MD Helicopters MD 500 ||  United States || utility helicopter || MD 500D || 12 || |-----

| Northrop F-5 ||  United States || fighter || F-5E Tiger II

F-5F Tiger II || 12

4 ||

|----- | Rockwell OV-10 Bronco ||  United States || liaison || OV-10F || 8 || |----- | Sikorsky S-58 ||  United States || utility helicopter || S-58T || 8 || |----- | Sukhoi Su-27 ||  Russia || fighter || Su-27SKM || 5 || |----- | Sukhoi Su-30 ||  Russia || fighter || Su-30MK2 || 5 || |}

Police

While not strictly part of the armed forces, the national police often operate in a paramilitary role, independently or in cooperation with the other services on internal security missions.

Aircraft inventory

The police operate 43 aircraft, including 39 helicopters.

Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service[2] ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes |----- | Hawker 400XP ||  United States || VIP Transport || || 1 || |----- | Beech 1900D ||  United States || utility transport || || 1 || |----- | Bell 206 ||  United States || utility helicopter || || 2 || |----- | Cessna 310 ||  United States || utility || || 2 || |----- | Cessna 402 ||  United States || utility || || 1 || |----- | Enstrom 480 ||  United States || utility helicopter || 480B || 18 || |----- | Eurocopter BO 105 ||  Germany || utility helicopter || Bo 105C || 10 || |----- | Fokker 50 ||  Netherlands || transport || || 1 || |----- | PZL Mi-2 ||  Poland || utility helicopter || || 9 || built by PZL Świdnik |----- | PZL M-28 Skytruck ||  Poland || transport || || ?? || built by PZL Mielec |}

References

  1. ^ The Military Balance 2006, International Institute for Strategic Studies
  2. ^ a b c d "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15 2007.
  • Bresnan, John. 1993. Managing Indonesia: the modern political economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • Many topics, including the political role of the military at the height of Suharto's New Order.
  • Crouch, Harold. 1988. The army and politics in Indonesia. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
    • First published 1978. Now somewhat dated, but provides an influential overview of the role of the military in consolidating Suharto's power
  • Kingsbury, Damien. 2003. Power politics and the Indonesian military. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
  • [2]

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