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Undid revision 1250140655 by AnnieCoffin (talk) This ain't your damn thesis
I added new sections such as description, distribution and habitat, ecology and conservation. Kept some of the original information from previous authors as well as adding my own from various sources.
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⚫
==Taxonomy==
The '''white-naped crane''' ('''''Antigone vipio''''', formerly '''''Grus vipio''''', also known as '''Daurian crane'''<ref>[https://www.akm.ru/eng/society/in-primorsky-krai-a-red-book-daurian-crane-was-rescued/ In Primorsky Krai, a red-book Daurian crane was rescued]</ref> in Russian sources) is a [[bird]] of the [[crane (bird)|crane]] family. It is a large bird, {{convert|112|–|125|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|130|cm|ft|abbr=on}} tall, and weighing about {{convert|5.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with pinkish legs, a grey-and-white-striped neck, and a red face patch.
⚫
The -naped crane was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Grus (genus)|Grus]]'', but a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was [[polyphyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krajewski |first1=C. |last2=Sipiorski |first2=J.T. |last3=Anderson |first3=F.E. |year=2010 |title=Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) | journal=Auk |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=440–452 |doi=10.1525/auk.2009.09045 |s2cid=85412892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the resulting rearrangement to create [[monophyletic]] genera, four species, the -naped crane, were placed in the resurrected genus ''[[Antigone (genus)|Antigone]]'' that had originally been erected by German naturalist [[Ludwig Reichenbach]] in 1853.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |title=Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/ |access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Reichenbach |first=Ludwig |author-link=Ludwig Reichenbach |= |title=Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie |publisher=Friedrich Hofmeister | place=Leipzig |page=xxiii}}</ref>


==Distribution==
====
The '''White-naped crane''' is a bird in the Gruidae family. It has a large body of over 125cm and a wingspan between 200-210cm. It weighs between 4750–6500g.  It can be identified by its grey body, reddish face patch, white throat, and the white strip going from the back of its crown down its neck, or nape. Juveniles differ by having a brown head and a pale throat <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Archibald |first=George W. |last2=Meine |first2=Curt D. |last3=Garcia |first3=Ernest |date=2020 |title=White-naped Crane (Antigone vipio), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/whncra1/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.whncra1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |issn=2771-3105}}</ref>. While this crane does have other species in its genus with similar characteristics, it can be distinguished by the white nape that is not present in the other species.
The white-naped crane breeds in northeastern [[Mongolia]], northeastern [[China]], and adjacent areas of southeastern [[Russia]], where a program at [[Khingan Nature Reserve]] raises [[bird egg|eggs]] provided from U.S. [[zoo]]s to bolster the species. Different groups of the birds migrate to winter near the [[Yangtze River]], the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]], and on [[Kyūshū]] in [[Japan]]. They also reach [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Taiwan]]. Only about 4,900 to 5,400 individuals remain in the wild.


The White-naped crane emits a variety of different calls: a growling contact call, or high pitched call at short ranges, and “loud” calls which differ between the sexes. The loud calls include aggressive guard calls and flight intention calls<ref name=":0" />.
Its diet consists mainly of [[insect]]s, [[seed]]s, [[root]]s, plants, and small animals.


== Distribution and Habitat ==
Due to ongoing habitat loss and overhunting in some areas, the white-naped crane is evaluated as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species.<ref name=IUCN/> It is listed on Appendix I and II of [[CITES]].
The White-naped crane breeds in northeastern [[Mongolia]], northeastern [[China]], and adjacent areas of southeastern [[Russia]], where a program at [[Khingan Nature Reserve]] raises [[bird egg|eggs]] provided from U.S. [[zoo]]s to bolster the species. Depending on the breeding location of the individual, they will migrate to different locations in the winter. The western breeding cranes will migrate through China to Poyang Lake, while the eastern breeding individuals will migrate more south, through Korea. Mongolia has been shown to hold at least 50% of the White-Naped Crane population<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mirande |first=Claire |date=2019 |title=Species Review: White-Naped Crane (Grus vipio) |url=https://savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/crane_conservation_strategy_white-naped_crane.pdf |journal=IUCN SSC Crane Specialist Group - Crane Conservation Strategy |pages=273-286}}</ref>.
In [[South Korea]], it has been designated natural monument 203.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?VdkVgwKey=16,02030000,ZZ&pageNo=1_1_1_0|title=재두루미|publisher=heritage.go.kr|access-date=6 May 2021|language=ko}}</ref>


There are two main wintering populations of this species: one that winters near the [[Yangtze River]] of China, and the other in the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]], and on [[Kyūshū]] in [[Japan]]. Counts are done multiple times throughout the winter to study their movement patterns<ref name=":1" />.
⚫
==Taxonomy==

⚫
The white-naped crane was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Grus (genus)|Grus]]'', but a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was [[polyphyletic]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Krajewski | first1=C. | last2=Sipiorski | first2=J.T. | last3=Anderson | first3=F.E. | year=2010 | title=Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) | journal=Auk | volume=127 | issue=2 | pages=440–452 | doi=10.1525/auk.2009.09045 | s2cid=85412892 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277486138 | doi-access=free }}</ref> In the resulting rearrangement to create [[monophyletic]] genera, four species, including the white-naped crane, were placed in the resurrected genus ''[[Antigone (genus)|Antigone]]'' that had originally been erected by German naturalist [[Ludwig Reichenbach]] in 1853.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin | work=World Bird List Version 9.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Reichenbach | first=Ludwig | author-link=Ludwig Reichenbach | year=1853 | title=Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie | volume=1 | publisher=Friedrich Hofmeister | place=Leipzig | page=xxiii | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47618653 }}</ref>
The White-naped crane uses shallow wetlands and wet meadows for breeding sites. Generally, they can be found along lake edges and river valleys. They can also be found in mixed forest grasslands or lowlands. When foraging, they will use these sites but will also turn to farmlands for grazing<ref name=":1" />.

== Behaviour and Ecology ==

=== Breeding ===
The White-naped crane breeds in the spring. They nest in pairs, and the nests tend to be located in areas of deeper water depth, which can provide protection against predators <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradter |first=Ute |date=2005 |title=Reproductive performance and nest-site selection of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio in the Ulz river valley, north-eastern Mongolia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8F91574673C09BFC75DBA2B3B82BA3C5/S0959270905000663a.pdf/reproductive-performance-and-nest-site-selection-of-white-naped-cranes-grus-vipio-in-the-ulz-river-valley-north-eastern-mongolia.pdf |journal=Bird Conservation International |pages=313-326 |via=Cambridge}}</ref>.  Eggs are laid for two months, between April to the end of May. When chicks are born, they are a brownish-yellow colour with dark spots, and remain fledglings for 70-75 days. They will become sexually mature between the ages of 2-3 years old <ref name=":0" />. When exhibiting parental behaviour, the crane will use a contact call, which is a lower frequency call used when the chicks are in close proximity to the parent<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/115/3/501-507/5152882 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1525/cond.2013.110123}}</ref>.

=== Food and Feeding ===
During the breeding season, their diet mainly consists of wetland plants, tubers and roots. While wintering or during migration, they will also feed on rice and cereal grains, as well as more waste grain. The White-naped crane will stand in place and dig for the deeper vegetation, which contrasts with the feeding behaviour of the  Red-crowned crane, which will  walk around and pick at the surface vegetation. This difference is important as it allows both species of crane to occupy similar niches, without competition between them<ref name=":1" />.

=== Threats ===
The biggest threats faced by this species of crane is the ongoing loss of habitat, degradation of wetlands and climate change. Wetlands are consistently being converted to farmlands in China and East of Russia<ref name=":1" />. This also increases the disturbances from both people and livestock. More interactions with human populations are due to the fragmentation of the wetlands habitats, and this can result in both illegal hunting by humans as well as predation by free-roaming dogs. While the White-Naped Crane is not a game species, it is frequently disturbed by the hunting of other aquatic game species in the spring during its breeding season<ref name=":1" />.

Changes in climate have been affecting the hydrology and quality of their breeding sites: droughts have become more prevalent in wetlands, which impacts their nesting sites. Dryer conditions have led to fires which have destroyed nesting sites and breeding sites, as well as eggs and young. The concentration of individuals in their breeding or overwintering sites has increased due to the loss of habitat, and this facilitates the spread of disease and death in their populations<ref name=":0" />.

== Status and Conservation ==
The White-naped crane is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN red list<ref name=":2">{{Cite report |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692073/131927305 |title=Antigone vipio: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692073A131927305 |last=IUCN |date=2018-08-09 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22692073a131927305.en. |language=en}}</ref>, as well as on CITES appendix I and II<ref name=":0" />. An estimated 3,700 to 4,500 individuals remain in the wild<ref name=":2" />. There is some form of legal protection and the creation of protected areas put in place by all countries within its distribution range<ref name=":0" />. Long term monitoring has been carried out in Russia, as well as northeast Mongolia. Notably, some of the important habitats of the White-naped crane are owned by the waterbird flyway site network under the East Asian – Australasian Flyway Partnership. These sites have been proposed to be nominated as protected wetland sites by RAMSAR<ref name=":1" />. According to the IUCN redlist, they have proposed to establish certain transboundary protected areas between Russia, China and North Korea as well. Artificial feeding stations have also been put in place in Japan, which has been shown to increase their wintering population. Banding and use of radio telemetry has been used to study the migration routes and wintering areas of this species in order to better understand how they can be protected <ref name=":1" />.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 12:35, 14 October 2024

White-naped crane
White-naped crane at Saijo, Ehime, Japan
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Genus: Antigone
Species:
A. vipio
Binomial name
Antigone vipio
(Pallas, 1811)
Geographical distribution.

Green: Breeding
Yellow: Migratory passage
Red: Non-breeding

Taxonomy and Systematics

The White-naped crane was formerly placed in the genus Grus, but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus, as then defined, was polyphyletic.[3] In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, four species: the Sarus Crane (Antigone antigone), the Brolga crane (Antigone rubicunda), the Sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) and the White-naped crane (Antigone vipio), were placed in the resurrected genus Antigone that had originally been erected by German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853.[4][5]

Description

The White-naped crane is a bird in the Gruidae family. It has a large body of over 125cm and a wingspan between 200-210cm. It weighs between 4750–6500g.  It can be identified by its grey body, reddish face patch, white throat, and the white strip going from the back of its crown down its neck, or nape. Juveniles differ by having a brown head and a pale throat [6]. While this crane does have other species in its genus with similar characteristics, it can be distinguished by the white nape that is not present in the other species.

The White-naped crane emits a variety of different calls: a growling contact call, or high pitched call at short ranges, and “loud” calls which differ between the sexes. The loud calls include aggressive guard calls and flight intention calls[6].

Distribution and Habitat

The White-naped crane breeds in northeastern Mongolia, northeastern China, and adjacent areas of southeastern Russia, where a program at Khingan Nature Reserve raises eggs provided from U.S. zoos to bolster the species. Depending on the breeding location of the individual, they will migrate to different locations in the winter. The western breeding cranes will migrate through China to Poyang Lake, while the eastern breeding individuals will migrate more south, through Korea. Mongolia has been shown to hold at least 50% of the White-Naped Crane population[7].

There are two main wintering populations of this species: one that winters near the Yangtze River of China, and the other in the Korean Demilitarized Zone, and on Kyūshū in Japan. Counts are done multiple times throughout the winter to study their movement patterns[7].

The White-naped crane uses shallow wetlands and wet meadows for breeding sites. Generally, they can be found along lake edges and river valleys. They can also be found in mixed forest grasslands or lowlands. When foraging, they will use these sites but will also turn to farmlands for grazing[7].

Behaviour and Ecology

Breeding

The White-naped crane breeds in the spring. They nest in pairs, and the nests tend to be located in areas of deeper water depth, which can provide protection against predators [8].  Eggs are laid for two months, between April to the end of May. When chicks are born, they are a brownish-yellow colour with dark spots, and remain fledglings for 70-75 days. They will become sexually mature between the ages of 2-3 years old [6]. When exhibiting parental behaviour, the crane will use a contact call, which is a lower frequency call used when the chicks are in close proximity to the parent[9].

Food and Feeding

During the breeding season, their diet mainly consists of wetland plants, tubers and roots. While wintering or during migration, they will also feed on rice and cereal grains, as well as more waste grain. The White-naped crane will stand in place and dig for the deeper vegetation, which contrasts with the feeding behaviour of the  Red-crowned crane, which will  walk around and pick at the surface vegetation. This difference is important as it allows both species of crane to occupy similar niches, without competition between them[7].

Threats

The biggest threats faced by this species of crane is the ongoing loss of habitat, degradation of wetlands and climate change. Wetlands are consistently being converted to farmlands in China and East of Russia[7]. This also increases the disturbances from both people and livestock. More interactions with human populations are due to the fragmentation of the wetlands habitats, and this can result in both illegal hunting by humans as well as predation by free-roaming dogs. While the White-Naped Crane is not a game species, it is frequently disturbed by the hunting of other aquatic game species in the spring during its breeding season[7].

Changes in climate have been affecting the hydrology and quality of their breeding sites: droughts have become more prevalent in wetlands, which impacts their nesting sites. Dryer conditions have led to fires which have destroyed nesting sites and breeding sites, as well as eggs and young. The concentration of individuals in their breeding or overwintering sites has increased due to the loss of habitat, and this facilitates the spread of disease and death in their populations[6].

Status and Conservation

The White-naped crane is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN red list[10], as well as on CITES appendix I and II[6]. An estimated 3,700 to 4,500 individuals remain in the wild[10]. There is some form of legal protection and the creation of protected areas put in place by all countries within its distribution range[6]. Long term monitoring has been carried out in Russia, as well as northeast Mongolia. Notably, some of the important habitats of the White-naped crane are owned by the waterbird flyway site network under the East Asian – Australasian Flyway Partnership. These sites have been proposed to be nominated as protected wetland sites by RAMSAR[7]. According to the IUCN redlist, they have proposed to establish certain transboundary protected areas between Russia, China and North Korea as well. Artificial feeding stations have also been put in place in Japan, which has been shown to increase their wintering population. Banding and use of radio telemetry has been used to study the migration routes and wintering areas of this species in order to better understand how they can be protected [7].

  • A mated pair performing a "unison call", which strengthens the pair bond and provides a territorial warning to other cranes.
    A mated pair performing a "unison call", which strengthens the pair bond and provides a territorial warning to other cranes.
  • Adult running with wings outspread, Saijo, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
    Adult running with wings outspread, Saijo, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
  • Juvenile
    Juvenile
  • Adult and egg
    Adult and egg
  • Head
    Head

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Grus vipio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22692073A131927305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692073A131927305.en. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Krajewski, C.; Sipiorski, J.T.; Anderson, F.E. (2010). "Mitochondrial genome sequences and the phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae)". Auk. 127 (2): 440–452. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09045. S2CID 85412892.
  4. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  5. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1853). Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. p. xxiii.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Archibald, George W.; Meine, Curt D.; Garcia, Ernest (2020). "White-naped Crane (Antigone vipio), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.whncra1.01species_shared.bow.project_name. ISSN 2771-3105.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Mirande, Claire (2019). "Species Review: White-Naped Crane (Grus vipio)" (PDF). IUCN SSC Crane Specialist Group - Crane Conservation Strategy: 273–286.
  8. ^ Bradter, Ute (2005). "Reproductive performance and nest-site selection of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio in the Ulz river valley, north-eastern Mongolia" (PDF). Bird Conservation International: 313–326 – via Cambridge.
  9. ^ academic.oup.com. doi:10.1525/cond.2013.110123 https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/115/3/501-507/5152882. Retrieved 2024-10-14. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ a b IUCN (2018-08-09). Antigone vipio: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692073A131927305 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22692073a131927305.en. {{cite report}}: Check |doi= value (help)


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